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Human Anatomy > Chapter 4: The Abdomen > Flashcards

Chapter 4: The Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Cylindrical chamber between thoracic and pelvic cavities

A

abdomen

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2
Q
  • forms the opening to abdomen

- Closed by the diaphragm

A

inferior thoracic aperture

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3
Q

continuous with the pelvic cavity at the pelvic inlet

A

deep abdominal wall

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4
Q

found in the abdomen

A

peritoneal cavity

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5
Q

superficially, is the superior margin of the leg

A

abdominal wall

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6
Q

either suspended in the peritoneal cavity by mesenteries or positioned between the cavity and the musculoskeletal wall

A

abdominal viscera

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7
Q

Houses the major elements of the gastrointestinal system, the spleen, and parts of the urinary system

A

abdomen

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8
Q

under the domes of the diaphragm

A

Much of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, and spleen

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9
Q

helps change the volume of the thoracic cavity during breathing

A

abdominal wall

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10
Q

abdominal wall accommodates the expansion of the thoracic cavity

A

inspiration

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11
Q

abdominal wall contracts to assist elevating the diaphragm

A

expiration

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12
Q
  • When the diaphragm is fixed and air is retained in the lungs via a closed laryn
  • Aids in voiding contents of bladder, rectum, uterus (giving birth)
A

Changes in intraabdominal pressure

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13
Q

Consists partly of bone but mostly of muscle

A

abdomen

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14
Q

what are the skeletal components of the abdomen?

A

5 lumbar vertebrae, superior parts of pelvic bones, ribs XII and XI and xiphoid process

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15
Q

what are the muscles of the abdomen?

A
  • quadratus lumborum
  • psoas major
  • iliacus
  • transverse and rectus abdominus
  • internal and external obliques
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16
Q

suspended from the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity by the dorsal (posterior) mesentery

A

The gut tube (gastrointestinal system)

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17
Q

partly suspended from the anterior wall by the ventral (anterior) mesentery

A

Proximal regions of the gut tube

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18
Q
  • lined with peritoneum
  • It reflects off the wall and onto the organs forming parietal peritoneum (abdominal walls) and visceral peritoneum (covers suspended organs)
A

abdominal cavity

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19
Q

found suspended from abdominal walls by mesenteries

A

Intraperitoneal structures

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20
Q

are not suspended but lie between the parietal peritoneum and abdominal wall

A

Retroperitoneal structures

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21
Q
  • the inferior thoracic aperture

- enclosed by the diaphragm

A

The superior thoracic aperture of the abdomen

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22
Q
  • attached to median, medial, and lateral arcuate ligaments

- attaches to the vertebral column via left and right crus

A

diaphragm

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23
Q

continuous with the abdominal cavity at the pelvic inlet

A

pelvic cavity

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24
Q
  • formed entirely of bone

- Formed by: sacrum, pubic symphysis, bony rim of pelvic bone

A

pelvic inlet

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25
Q

why are the abdominal and pelvic cavities not in the same plane?

A
  • Because of the orientation of the pelvis relative to the vertebral column
  • hips rotated up
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26
Q

connects to the thoracic cavity, pelvic cavity, and lower limbs

A

abdominal cavity

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27
Q

continuous between abdominal and pelvic cavities

A

peritoneum

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28
Q

communicates with the lower limb through an aperture formed by the inguinal ligament, inferior abdominal wall, and pelvic bone

A

abdominal cavity

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29
Q

what structures pass through the aperture that the abdominal cavity communicates with the lower limb through?

A
  • major arteries and veins
  • femoral nerve
  • lymphatics
  • distal ends of psoas major
  • iliacus muscles
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30
Q

-begins as tube oriented longitudinally in the abdominal cavity

A

gut tube (developmentally)

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31
Q

suspended from the walls by anterior and posterior mesenteries

A

gut tube

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32
Q

what happens to the gut tube?

A
  • Massive longitudinal lengthening
  • rotation of selected parts
  • secondary fusion to the abdominal wall
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33
Q

what forms during the development of the gut?

A
  • The lesser and greater omentum form, the colon forms with certain parts becoming secondarily retroperitoneal
  • The omental foramen and omental bursae are also formed
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34
Q

distal end of esophagus, stomach, and proximal part of duodenum

A

foregut

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35
Q

Distal end of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, and proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

A

midgut

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36
Q

distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and superior part of rectum

A

hindgut

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37
Q

supply skin and muscle of the abdominal wall

A

Anterior rami of spinal nerves T7-T12

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38
Q

innervate upper parts of the external oblique

A

T5 and T6

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39
Q

innervated by L1 and not thoracic nerves

A

Skin and muscle in the inguinal and suprapubic regions

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40
Q

descend from their origin into the pelvic cavity in women and into the testis in men

A

gonads

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41
Q

passes though the anterior wall and attaches to the labioscrotal swelling before the descent of the gonads
-forms the processus vaginalis

A

gubernaculum

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42
Q

the passage though the abdominal wall formed by the processus vaginalis

A

inguinal canal

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43
Q

contains the spermatic cord, nerves, and vasculature associated with the testis

A

inguinal canal (of men)

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44
Q

the only structure to pass through the inguinal canal in women

A

a derivative of the gubernaculum (the round ligament of the uterus)

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45
Q
  • a horizontal plane that transects through the lower aspect of vertebrae L1
  • Midway between the jugular notch and pubic symphysis
  • passes through the opening of the stomach into the duodenum, body of pancreas, hila of kidneys
A

The transpyloric plane

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46
Q

begins just left of the body of vertebra LII

A

jejunum

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47
Q

branch off the abdominal aorta to supply gastrointestinal tract

A
  • *3 large unpaired arteries
    - celiac artery
    - superior messenteric artery
    • inferior messenteric artery
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48
Q

supplies the foregut

A

celiac artery

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49
Q

supplies mid gut

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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50
Q

supplies hindgut

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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51
Q

lies to the right of the vertebral column so blood must be shunted to the right from the left

A

inferior vena cava

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52
Q

what are the veins that cross the midline?

A
  • left renal
  • left common iliac
  • left lumbar
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53
Q

passes through the liver

A

Blood draining the gastrointestinal system and spleen

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54
Q

takes blood into the liver from the gastrointestinal system and spleen

A

hepatic portal vein

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55
Q

take blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava

A

hepatic veins

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56
Q

overlap between portal and caval systems occurs around the inferior end of esophagus and inferior end of rectum

A

Portacaval anastomes

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57
Q

innervated by the prevertebral plexus

A

Abdominal viscera

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58
Q
  • Found on the anterior and lateral sides of the aorta

- Branches follow vessels that come off the aorta

A

prevertebral plexus

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59
Q
  • bounded superiorly by the diaphragm and inferiorly by the pelvic inlet
  • contains the peritoneal cavity
  • continuous with pelvic cavity
A

abdominal cavity

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60
Q

a potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

A

peritoneal cavity

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61
Q

**divides the abdomen into: right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower quadrants
-Pain in any of these
quadrants can be
associated with
abdominal organs

A

four quadrant system

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62
Q

divides the abdomen into: right hypochondrium, epigastric, left hypochondrium, right flank, umbilical, left flank, right groin, pubic region, left groin

A

the 9 region system

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63
Q

Bounded by the xiphoid process, costal margins, vertebral column, upper parts of pelvic bones

A

abdominal wall

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64
Q

consist of skin, superficial fascia, muscles, deep fascia, extraperitoneal fascia, parietal peritoneum

A

layers of abdominal wall

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65
Q

continues over the penis, continues into the scrotum and continues into the thigh below the inguinal canal

A

deeper membranous layer of the fatty layer

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66
Q

formed when the deeper membranous layer passes onto the penis

A

superficial penile fascia

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67
Q

formed when the deeper membranous layer passes into the scrotum

A

dartos fascia

68
Q

what are the 5 muscles that make up the anterolateral group?

A
  • *3 flat muscles that run anterolaterally and end in an aponeurosis toward the midline
    • external oblique
    • internal oblique
    • transverse abdominus muscles
  • *2 vertical muscles near the midline
    • abdominus muscle
    • pyramidalis muscle
69
Q

form a firm but flexible wall that protects the organs of the abdominal cavity

A

anterolateral muscles

70
Q

has fibers that run anteromedially, with its aponeurotic fibers covering the anterior part of the abdominal wall to the midline

A

external oblique

71
Q

forms the inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament, and pectineal (Cooper’s) ligament

A

lower border of external oblique aponeurosis

72
Q
  • thinner layer that has fibers that run superomedially

- Anterior fibers end as an aponeurosis that blends with the linea alba

A

internal oblique

73
Q
  • deep to the internal oblique

- fibers run in a transverse (horizontal) direction and end anteriorly as an aponeurosis that blends with the linea alba

A

transverse abdominus

74
Q

extends the length of the abdomen and is divided by tendinous intersections

A

rectus abdominus

75
Q

small and often absent and have their base on the pubis

A

Pyramidalis muscles

76
Q

deep to all muscles

A

Transversalis fascia

77
Q

surrounded by the rectus sheath

A

The upper ¾ of the rectus muscles

78
Q

all aponeuroses move anteriorly, leaving the transversalis fascia immediately deep to the rectus muscles

A

The lower ¼ of the rectus muscles

79
Q
  • Deep to the transversalis fascia
  • contains various amounts of fat and lines the abdominal cavity
  • covers organs that are considered retroperitoneal and extends into the mesenteries
A

extraperitoneal fascia

80
Q

innervated by T7-T12 and L1 spinal nerves

A

skin, muscle, and parietal peritoneum

81
Q

give off their lateral cutaneous branches

A

T7-T11 intercostal nerves

82
Q

branch off the intercostal nerves toward the midline and pierce the rectus abdominus muscle

A

Anterior cutaneous branches

83
Q

subcostal nerve

A

T12 spinal nerve

84
Q

gives off iliohypogastric and ilio-inguinal branches

A

Spinal nerve L1

85
Q

innervate anterolateral muscles and underlying peritoneum and end by innervating over lying skin

A

all spinal nerves

86
Q

occur at increasingly oblique angles in an inferior direction

A

dermatomes

87
Q

innervate parts of the scrotum or labia majora and thigh

A

Branches off L1 spinal nerve (ilio-inguinal)

88
Q

superficially: supplied by the musculophrenic;

A

superior part of abdominal wall

89
Q

superficially: supplied by superficial epigastric and superficial circumflex iliac

A

inferior part of abdominal wall

90
Q

deeper: supplied by superior epigastric

A

superior part of abdominal wall

91
Q

deeper: supplied by 10th and 11th intercostal arteries and subcostal artery

A

lateral part of abdominal wall

92
Q

deeper: supplied by inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, and external iliac

A

inferior part of abdominal wall

93
Q

both enter the rectus sheath posterior to the rectus abdominus and anastomose

A

Superior and inferior epigastric arteries

94
Q

drains into axillary nodes

A

Lymphatic drainage above umbilicus

95
Q

drains into the superficial inguinal nodes

A

Lymphatic drainage below umbilicus

96
Q

drains into parasternal nodes

A

deep lymphatics

97
Q

a peritoneal out-pocketing that protrudes through various layers of the abdominal wall and acquires covering from each

A

processus vaginalis

98
Q

deepest covering of processes vaginalis

A

transversalis fascia

99
Q

second deepest layer of processes vaginalis

A

muscular layer of the internal oblique

100
Q

third deepest layer of processes vaginalis

A

aponeurosis of the external oblique

101
Q
  • a slit like passage running downward and medially, just superior and parallel to the inguinal ligament
  • Begins at deep inguinal ring and ends at superficial inguinal ring
A

inguinal canal

102
Q
  • Contains the genitofemoral nerve and the spermatic cord in males
  • has the round ligament in women
A

inguinal canal

103
Q
  • Beginning of the inguinal canal
  • where the transversalis fascia evaginates to form the tubular internal spermatic fascia of the spermatic cord in males or the round ligament of the uterus in women
A

deep inguinal ring

104
Q
  • Forms the end of the inguinal canal
  • It is a triangular evagination of the aponeurosis of the external oblique onto structures traversing the inguinal canal
    • forms the external spermatic fascia
A

superficial inguinal ring

105
Q

forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal

A

The aponeurosis of the external oblique

106
Q
  • covers the deep inguinal ring

- contributes a layer (cremastic fascia and muscle) to the structures traversing the canal

A

internal oblique

107
Q

forms the posterior wall and is reinforced by the conjoint tendon along the medial 1/3

A

transversalis fascia

108
Q

formed by the arching fibers of the transverse abdominus and internal oblique

A

roof of the inguinal canal

109
Q

They pass from their common points of attachment on the inguinal ligament to common medial attachment as the conjoin tendon

A

arching fibers of the transverse abdominus and internal oblique

110
Q
  • ***Contains:
  • Ductus deferens
  • Artery of ductus deferens
  • Testicular artery
  • Pampiniform plexus of veins (testicular veins)
  • Cremastic artery and vein
  • Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
  • Sympathetic and visceral afferent nerves
  • Lymphatics
  • Remnants of processus vaginalis
A

spermatic cord

111
Q

the protrusion of the peritoneal sac through a weakened part of the abdominal wall

A

inguinal hernia

112
Q

protrusion of the peritoneal sac through the deep ring

A

inguinal hernia

113
Q

usually due to some of the processus vaginalis remaining

A

indirect hernias

114
Q
  • occurs when the peritoneal sac enters the medial end of the inguinal canal
  • Occurs in an area where abdominal muscles have been weakened
A

Direct inguinal hernia

115
Q

lines the walls and viscera of the abdominal cavity

A

a thin membrane

116
Q

either suspended in the abdominal cavity by mesenteries or are outside the peritoneal cavity

A

organs

117
Q

divided into the greater sac and the omental bursa

A

peritoneal cavity

118
Q

accounts for most of the space in the peritoneal cavity

A

greater sac

119
Q
  • a smaller subdivision of the peritoneal cavity posterior to the stomach and liver
  • continuous with the greater sac through the omental (epiploic) foramen
A

omental bursa

120
Q

arise from the dorsal and ventral mesenteries during development

A

Omenta, mesenteries, and ligaments

121
Q

pass from the stomach and first part of the duodenum to other viscera

A

greater and lesser omenta

122
Q
  • a large double layered peritoneal apron-like fold that develops from the dorsal mesentery
  • drapes down over the transverse colon and coils of the jejunum and ileum
  • Contains right and left gastro-omental vessels
A

greater omentum

123
Q
  • extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach and 1st part of duodenum to the inferior surface of the liver
  • Divided into the hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligament
A

lesser omentum

124
Q

connects the ileum and jejunum to the posterior wall of the abdomen

A

mesentery

125
Q

connects the transverse colon to the posterior wall

A

transverse mesocolon

126
Q

connects the sigmoid colon to the abdominal wall

A

sigmoid mesocolon

127
Q

lie in the fat between the 2 layers of peritoneum of the mesentary

A

the blood vessels and lymphatics that supply the ileum and jejunum

128
Q

represents the short distal part in the abdominal cavity

A

abdominal esophagus

129
Q

Associated with the esophagus as it enters the abdomen

A

the anterior and posterior vagal trunks

130
Q

arises from the left vagus nerve

A

anterior vagal trunk

131
Q

arises from the right vagus nerve

A

posterior vagal trunk

132
Q

what is the arterial supply to the abdominal esophagus?

A
  • esophageal branch of left gastric

- esophageal branch from left inferior phrenic

133
Q
  • the most dilated part of the gastrointestinal tract
  • found between the abdominal esophagus and the duodenum
  • has 4 regions
A

the stomach

134
Q

what are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pyloric part
135
Q

surrounds opening of esophagus into stomach

A

cardia

136
Q

area above the level of the cardial orifice

A

fundus

137
Q

largest region of the stomach

A

body

138
Q

distal end of stomach

A

pyloric part

139
Q
  • marked on the surface by the pyloric constriction

- contains the pyloric sphincter which defines the pyloric orifice

A

pylorus

140
Q
  • **contains:
  • pylorus
  • greater & lesser curvatures
  • cardial notch
  • angular incisure
A

stomach

141
Q

what is the arterial supply to the stomach?

A
  • left gastric from celiac trunk
  • right gastric from hepatic artery proper
  • right gastro-omental
  • left gastro-omental
  • posterior gastric artery
142
Q

Consists of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

A

small intestine

143
Q
  • C-shaped and 20-25 cm long
  • Divided in 4 parts: superior, descending, inferior, and ascending
  • terminates at the dudenojejunal flexure
A

duodenum

144
Q

contains the major duodenal papillae

A

descending part of duodenum

145
Q

what is the blood supply to the duodenum?

A

ultimately arises from the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric

146
Q
  • makes up the proximal 2/5, has a larger diameter and thicker wall than the ileum
  • has a unique vascular pattern associated with the mesentery
A

jejunum

147
Q
  • makes up the distal 3/5 and has thinner walls

- opens into the large intestine near the cecum

A

ileum

148
Q

project into the lumen of the large intestine and surround the opening

A

2 ileocecal flaps

149
Q

what is the blood supply to the ileum?

A
  • arteries from superior mesenteric artery

- an ileal branch from the ileocolic artery

150
Q
  • Extends from the distal end of the ileum to the anus

- characterized by omental appendices, haustra, and taenia coli

A

large intestine

151
Q

Begins as the cecum and associated appendix, continues upward as the ascending colon, right colic flexure, transverse colon, left colic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

A

large intestine

152
Q
  • begins in the lower right regions and extends into the lateral, superior, and inferior regions
  • centers as it enters the anus
A

colon

153
Q

the first part of the colon and is inferior to the ileocecal opening

A

cecum

154
Q

a narrow, hollow, blind-ended tube connects to the cecum and contains a large aggregation of lymphoid tissue

A

appendix

155
Q

attached to the terminal end of the ileum via the mesoappendix which contains the appendicular vessels

A

appendix

156
Q

the attachment of the appendix to the cecum is consistent with:……….

A

taeniae coli

157
Q

location relative to the rest of the appendix varies:….

A
  • Retrocecal
  • Pelvic
  • Subcecal
  • Pre-ileal
  • Postileal
158
Q

what is the arterial supply of the cecum and appendix?

A
  • *arterial supply arises from the superior mesenteric
    • Giving rise:
      • ileocolic
      • anterior and posterior
      • cecal arteries
      • appendicular artery
159
Q

ascending and descending parts of the colon

A

retroperitoneal

160
Q

Transverse and sigmoid segments of the colon

A

intraperitoneal

161
Q

Lateral to the ascending and descending segments

A

right and left paracolic gutters

162
Q

supply the colon

A

superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

163
Q
  • gives rise to the ileocolic, right colic, and middle colic

- supplies the ascending and transverse segments of colon

A

superior mesenteric

164
Q

gives rise to the left colic, sigmoid arteries, and superior rectal artery

A

inferior mesenteric

165
Q

extends from the sigmoid colon

A

rectum

166
Q

a continuation of the large intestine inferior to the rectum

A

anal canal

167
Q

what is the blood supply to the rectum and anal canal?

A
  • superior rectal artery (from inferior mesenteric)
  • middle rectal artery (from internal iliacs)
  • inferior rectal artery (from pudendal artery)

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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