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Geography > The Uks Evolving Physical Landscape > Flashcards

The Uks Evolving Physical Landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

What is igneous rock

And examples

A

A rock formed through the cooling of and solidification of magma
Diorite
Granite
Pegmatite

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2
Q

Sedimentary rock

And examples

A

Formed when layers of sediment compact together. until the become solid rock

Carboniferous limestone and chalk
Clay and shales

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3
Q

Metamorphic rock

And examples

A

Rocks are formed when igenous or sedimentary rocks are changed due to pressure and heat. Becoming harder and more compact

Slate
Schist

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4
Q

How do volcanoes effect the landscape

A

Active volcanoes forced magma to the surface . This magma cooled and solidified to form igneous rock

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5
Q

How did glaciers effect the landscaep

A

Plucking
Freeze thaw
Abrasion

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6
Q

Where is Snowdonia located

A

Upland

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7
Q

Describe lilyn idwal

A

A corrie hollowed out by glaciers

Freeze thaw weathering occurs on the steep back walls breakingup rock and forming scree

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8
Q

Why do streams and gullies occur around snowdonia

A

Land of impermeable rock meaning water can only erode the sides of the channel

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9
Q

Where is the weald

A

Lowland

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10
Q

Why are dry valleys found in lowland landscapes

A

Valleys with no visble stream. Formed during glacial periods where the colder climate allowed for more freeze thaw weathering and glacial slow melt provided more water than the warmer climates we had today

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11
Q

How have humans changed the landscape

A

Agriculture
Clearing vegatation
Sheep grazing
Hedgerows and walls

Forestry
Replantation is unnatrual
Harvesting of descidous woodland

Settlements
Bridging points over rivers
Infastrcture 
Concreted surfaces affecting drainage patterns 
Rivers modified with embankments
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12
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

Salt weathering through repeated expansion and contraction of crystals

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13
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Changing chemical composition of surface

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14
Q

Explain mass movement

A

Shifting of rocks and loose materials down a slope as the force holding them up is weaker than gravity. Water can help loosen the mud and material

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15
Q

What aee the three types or mass movement

A

Slides
Slumps
Rockfallw

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16
Q

What three erosion processes effect the coast

A

Abrasion
Attrition
Hydraulic action

17
Q

Climate impacts on costal retreat

A

Milde weather causes salt weathering
Storms are more frequent stronger winds can cause destructive waves to occur more

Increased rainfall can increase mass movement

18
Q

Development of a wave cut platform

A

Wave causes erosion at bottom of cliff
Forms a wave cut notch
Rocks above become unstable and collapse
Collapsed material is mashed away
Process continues resulting in cliff retreat
Platform is left behind

19
Q

Formation of headlands and bays

A

Form with alternating bands of hard and soft rock
Less resistant rock erode first forming a bay
Resistant rock is eroded slower and left jutting forming a headland

20
Q

Formation of cave to arch to stacks

A

Waves crash into headland enlarging cracks due to repeated erosion causing a cave to form

Erosion deepens cave until it breaks the other side forming an arch

Erosion wears way at arch until it collapses eventually leaving isolated rock called stacks

21
Q

Explain longshore drift

A

Waves follow direction of prevailing winds usually hitting at an oblique angle

Swash carries sediment up the beach

Backwash pulls it back at a right angle

Over time material zig zags across the beach

22
Q

Formation of a spit

A

Spits form at a sharp bend
LSD transports sand and shingle into the sea
Strong winds cause waves to curve and therefore cause the curve of the spit
The sheltered area behined the spit is protected from waves
Mud accumulates there and allows plants to grow there

23
Q

Formation of a BAR

A

A bar is formed when a spit is joined by a headland

The water behind the bar is cutoff and becomes a lagoon

24
Q

Human activities on coast

A

Agriculture
Vegetation can stabilise cliffs
Exposure of soil when vegatation is grazed
Reduction or natural flood barriers (marshland)

Development
High cost areas
Low cost areas 
Hold the line 
Retreat the line

Industry
Gravel extraction
Removal of salt marshs (natrual flood barriers)

25
Q

Holderness

A

Contains high value areas . Over 14000 people live in the towns near by . Town such as hornsea.
Defences such as groynes

26
Q

Problems of costal defences

A

Groynes prevent erosion in high value areas however places such as great mowden where caravan parks and farms are at risk as there is sediment starvation allowing for quicker erosion

Spurn head also at risk

27
Q

How does climate increase costal flooding

A

Storm frequency

Rising sea levels

28
Q

Sea walls

A

Made or hard concrete . Reflects the energy of the waves back into the sea
It prevents erosion and is a barrier to stop flood

Creates a strong backwash , they are expensive to build and maintain

29
Q

Groynes

A

Wooden or stone fences that trap sediment which would be transported via LSD

Creates wider and more attractive beaches and are fairly cheap

They starve beaches later down the coast of sediment . Making them narrower
Wood rots

30
Q

Beach replenishment

A

Sand and shingle is added to the upper parts of beaches

Creates wider beaches which slows waves. Gives protection for flood and erosion

Taking material can kill organisms . Its very expensive as the process must be repeated

31
Q

Slope stabilisation

A

Slopes are reinforced with metal netting and nails

Prevents mass movement making coasts safer to travel on

Slope stabilisation is hard to install and is expensive

32
Q

Strategic realignment

A

Removing an existing flood defenses and allow the land behind it to flood

Controls where floods can occur . Letting of the pressure constantly reduces the likelihood of a huge flood in high cost areas

33
Q

Intergrated costal management zone

A

A scheme that takes everyones opinions into account and tries to find the outcome of every-bodies interests

Geography (24 decks)

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