The Structure of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped through each ventricle per minute.

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2
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

CO = HR x SV

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3
Q

What occurs during diastole?

A

Blood returning to the atria flows into the ventricles.

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4
Q

What does atrial systole do?

A

TRansfers the remainder of the blood through the atrioventricular valves to the ventricles.

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5
Q

What does ventricular systole do?

A

Closes the AV valves and pumps the blood out through the semilunar valves to the aorta and pulmonary artery.

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6
Q

What happens to the SL valves during diastole?

A

The higher pressure in the arteries closes them.

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7
Q

What is responsible for the heart sounds heard with a stethoscope?

A

The opening and closing of the AV and SL valves.

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8
Q

Where does the heartbeat originate?

A

In the heart itself.

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9
Q

What is the pacemaker?

A

The auto-rhythmic cells of the sino-atrial node (SAN).

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10
Q

What is the function of the SAN?

A

To set the rate at which the heart contracts.

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11
Q

Where is the sino-atrial node located?

A

In the wall of the right atrium.

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12
Q

What is the timing of cardiac muscle cell contraction controlled by?

A

Impulses from the SAN spreading through the atria causing atrial systole.

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13
Q

Where do the impulses from the SAN travel to?

A

The atrioventricular node, located in the centre of the heart.

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14
Q

What causes ventricular systole?

A

Impulses from the AVN travel down fibres in the central wall of the heart and then up through the walls of the ventricles.

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15
Q

What does an electrocardiogram detect?

A

Currents generated by impulses in the heart.

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16
Q

What should an interpretation of an electrocardiogram involve?

A

Calculations of the heart rate and linking of the waves to atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole.

17
Q

What does the medulla regulate?

A

The rate of the sinoatrial node through the antagonistic action of the autonomic nervous system.

18
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nerve?

A

To release noradrenaline which increases heart rate.

19
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic nerve?

A

To release acetylcholine which decreases the heart rate.

20
Q

How does blood pressure change in the aorta during the cardiac cycle?

A

Blood pressure increases during ventricular systole and decreases during diastole.

21
Q

What is used to measure blood pressure?

A

A sphygmomanometer.

22
Q

Hoe does a sphygmomanometer work?

A

An inflatable cuff stops blood flow, in the artery, and deflates gradually. Blood starts to flow (detected by a pulse) at systolic pressure. The blood flows freely through the artery ( and a pulse is not detected) at diastolic pressure.

23
Q

What is a typical blood pressure reading?

A

120/80 mmHg

24
Q

What is hypertension a major risk factor for?

A

Coronary heart disease.