Genes and Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

How are proteins made up?

A

From chains of amino acids called polypeptides.

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2
Q

How are amino acids held together?

A

By hydrogen bonds and molecular interactions.

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3
Q

What determines a protein’s function?

A

The three-dimensional shapes of the protein’s molecules.

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4
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A
  • Acting as structural unit.
  • Enzymes
  • Hormones
  • Antibodies
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5
Q

What are mutation?

A

Random changes in genetic information.

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6
Q

Mutations can result in the alteration of what?

A

Genes or chromosomes.

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7
Q

What does the mutation of a gene result in?

A

No protein or an altered protein being expressed.

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8
Q

What is a single gene mutation?

A

A mutation that affects DNA nucleotide sequences.

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9
Q

What are the three types of single gene mutations?

A
  • Deletion
  • Insertion
  • Substitution
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10
Q

What are the subcategories of substitution mutations?

A
  • Missense
  • Nonsense
  • Splice-site mutations
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11
Q

What do nucleotide insertions or deletions result in?

A

Frameshift mutations or expansion of a nucleotide sequence repeat.

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12
Q

What can be altered by mutations of regulatory

sequences ?

A

Gene expression

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13
Q

What can be altered by splice-shift mutations?

A

Post-transcription processing.

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14
Q

What are chromosome mutations?

A

Alterations to the structure of a chromsome.

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15
Q

What are the types of chromosome mutations?

A
  • Duplication
  • Deletion
  • Translocation
  • Inversion
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16
Q

What do nonsense mutations result in?

A

A premature stop codon being produced which results in a shorter protein.

17
Q

What do splice- site mutations result in?

A

Some introns being retained and/or some exons not included in the mature transcript.

18
Q

What do frame-shift mutations result in?

A

All of the codons and all of the amino acids after the mutation being changed. This has a major effect on the structure of the protein produced.

19
Q

What is duplication?

A

Where a section of a chromosome is added from its homologous partner.

20
Q

What is deletion?

A

Where a section of chromosome is removed.

21
Q

What is inversion?

A

Where a section of chromosome is reversed.

22
Q

What is translocation?

A

Where a section of a chromosome is added to a chromosome, not its homologous partner.

23
Q

What can these substantial changes result in?

A

The mutations being lethal.