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Y1 - Gatrointestinal > The Stomach and Duodenum > Flashcards

The Stomach and Duodenum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four areas of the stomach?

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Antrum

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2
Q

Where does the fundus lie?

A

Proximally, under the left diaphragm

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3
Q

What does the antrum serve as?

A

A reservoir where food can be retained and broken up before being spelled into the small intestine

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4
Q

What are the three layers of the stomach smooth muscle wall?

A

Outer longitudinal
Inner circular
Innermost oblique

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5
Q

Which part of the stomach has thick folds or rugae?

A

The greater curvature

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6
Q

Which cells are in the upper two thirds of the stomach?

A

Parietal cell

Chief cells

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7
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl

Intrinsic factor

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8
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

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9
Q

Do HCl, intrinsic factor, gastrin and pepsinogen inhibit or stimulate acid production?

A

Stimulate

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10
Q

Which cells are present in the antral mucosa of the stomach?

A

G and D cells

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11
Q

What do G cells secrete?

A

Gastrin

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12
Q

What do D cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

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13
Q

How do somatostatin, VIP and GIP affect acid sectretion?

A

Inhibits it

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14
Q

What is the function of the mucosal barrier?

A

To protect gastric epithelium from damage.

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15
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins?

A

Stimulate the production of mucus

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16
Q

Which substances inhibit prostaglandins to inhibit the production of mucus?

A

Aspirin

NSAIDs

17
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands located?

A

Duodenum

18
Q

What is the function of Brunner’s glands?

A

They secrete alkaline mucous to help neutralise acid secretion along with pancreatic and biliary secretions

19
Q

Which nerve supplies the stomach?

A

The nerve of Laterjet

20
Q

What are the three phases of acid secretion?

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

21
Q

What is the cephalic phase of acid secretion?

A

The thought, signs and smell of food stimulate the vagus, producing ACh

22
Q

What is the gastric phase of acid secretion?

A

Distension by food activates mechanoreceptors and directly stimulates secretory cells and gastrin release

23
Q

What is the intestinal phase of acid secretion?

A

The passage of food into the duodenum inhibits gastric secretion

24
Q

How does histamine increase acid secretion?

A

Stimulates the Gs (gastrin stimulating) protein via the H2 receptors and acts via cAMP to increase acid secretion

25
Q

How does prostaglandin E2 inhibit acid secretion?

A

Activates the Gi (gastrin inhibiting) protein to inhibit acid secretion

26
Q

How does ACh increase acid secretion?

A

Acts via the vagus M3 receptors and also via the enterochromaffin cells to increase acid secretion

27
Q

How does gastrin increase acid secretion?

A

Acts via the cholecystokinin B gastrin receptor, increasing intracellular free calcium.
Also acts via the enterochromaffic-like cells, stimulating histamine to increase acid secretion

28
Q

What is gastritis?

A

The term used to indicate inflammation associated with mucosal injury

29
Q

What is gastropathy?

A

The term used to describe epithelial cell damage and regeneration without inflammation

30
Q

What are the causes of gastritis?

A 
H. pylori (commonest)
Autoimmune gastritis
Viruses (CMV, HSV)
Duodeno-gastric reflux
Specific causes e.g. Crohn's
31
Q

What can chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa cause?

A

Gastric intestinal metaplasia, a pre-cursor to gastric cancer

32
Q

Where does autoimmune gastritis affect, and what does this lead to?

A

Affects the fundus and body.

This leads to atrophic gastritis and loss of parietal cells

33
Q

What cause the clinical syndrome of pernicious anaemia in autoimmune gastritis?

A

Rhydria and intrinsic factor deficiency

34
Q

What is gastropathy usually caused by?

A

Irritants (drugs, NSAIDs, alcohol)
Bile reflux
Chronic congestion

35
Q

When can acute erosive or heaemorrhagic gastropathy be seen?

A

After severe stress (stress ulcers)
Secondary to burns, trauma, shock or renal failure
In portal hypertension (portal gastropathy)

Y1 - Gatrointestinal (31 decks)

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