IBD Flashcards

1
Q

What are all the forms of IBD?

A
Crohn's disease
Ulcerative colitis
Microscopic ulcerative colitis
Microscopic lymphatic colitis
Microscopic collagenous colitis
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2
Q

What factors affect likelihood of developing IBD?

A

Genetics
Environmental susceptibility
Immune response

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3
Q

Which environmental factors are risk factors for IBD?

A

Smoking
NSAIDs
Good hygiene
Psychological stress

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4
Q

In what way is intestinal microbiota different in IBD?

A

Reduced diversity of gut flora

Decreased mucosal and chemical barrier

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5
Q

In what way is the immune response different in IBD?

A

Overactive mucosal immunological response

Leaky epithelium increases chance of immune response

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6
Q

Where does CD most commonly affect?

A

Terminal ileum and ascending colon

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7
Q

What is proctitis?

A

UC affecting the rectum alone

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8
Q

What is extensive colitis?

A

UC affecting the whole colon

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9
Q

What is backwash colitis?

A

UC with inflammation of the distal terminal ileum

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10
Q

What are the macroscopic changes in CD?

A

Involved bowel is thickened and often narrowed
Cobblestone appearance
Intra-abdominal fistulae and abscesses may be seen

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11
Q

What are the macroscopic changes in UC?

A

Mucosa is red, inflamed and friable

Severe disease may have extensive ulceration with pseudo-polyps

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12
Q

What are the microscopic changes in CD?

A

Transmural inflammation
Increase in inflammatory cells
Lymphoid hyperplasia
Granulomas in over half

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13
Q

What are the microscopic changes in UC?

A

Superficial inflammation
Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate in the lamina propria
Crypt abscesses
Goblet cell depletion

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14
Q

What is the term for when it is not possible to distinguish between CD or UC?

A

Indeterminate colitis

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15
Q

What are the extraintestinal manifestations of IBD that can manifest in the eyes?

A

Uveitis
Episcleritis
Conjunctivitis

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16
Q

What are the extraintestinal manifestations of IBD that can manifest in the skin?

A

Erythema nodosum

Pyoderma gangrenosum

17
Q

What are the extraintestinal manifestations of IBD that can manifest in the liver and biliary tree?

A
Sclerosing cholangitis
Fatty liver
Chronic hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Gallstones
18
Q

How does microscopic colitis present?

A

Chronic or fluctuating watery diarrhoea

19
Q

Describe microscopic ulcerative colitis

A

Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate in the lamina propria
Deformed crypt architecture
Goblet cell depletion

20
Q

Describe microscopic lymphocytic colitis

A

Surface epithelial cell injury
Prominent lymphocytic infiltration in surface epithelium
Increase in lamina propria mononuclear cells

21
Q

Describe microscopic collagenous colitis

A

Thickened sub epithelial collagen later adjacent to basal membrane
Increased infiltration of the lamina propria with lymphocytes and plasma cells
Surface epithelium damage

22
Q

What are the symptoms of CD?

A
Diarrhoea (+/- blood)
Abdominal pain
Weight loss and anorexia
Malaise, lethargy
Nausea and vomiting
Low grade fever
23
Q

What signs of CD can be seen on examination?

A
Weight loss
Signs of malnutrition
Aphthous ulceration
Abdominal tenderness or iliac fossa mass occasionally
Anal fissures or abscesses
24
Q

What blood tests are done in suspected IBD?

A
FBC
CRP/ESR
LFTs
Blood culture if septicaemia suspected
Serology
25
Which stool tests may be done in suspected IBD?
Stool culture, including C. diff if diarrhoea Stool microscopy if travel history Faecal calprotectin raised in active intestinal disease
26
Which endoscopic and imaging tests are done in suspected CD?
``` Colonoscopy with biopsy Upper GI endoscopy Small bowel imaging Ultrasound scanning Capsule endoscopy if radiological examination is normal ```
27
How is disease activity of CD assessed?
``` Hb White cell count Inflammatory markers Serum albumin Faecal calprotectin or lactoferrin ```
28
What medication is used to induce remission in a flare up of CD?
Steroids Enteral nutrition TNF-alpha if resistant to steroids or if disease is more extensive, preferably in combination with immunosuppressants
29
What medication is used to maintain remission of CD?
Long-term immunosuppressants, e.g. azathioprine, methotrexate Anti-TNF (infliximab) for patients who are resistant to immunosuppressants
30
What are the symptoms of UC?
``` Diarrhoea with blood and mucus Abdominal discomfort Malaise, lethargy Anorexia and weight loss Aphthous ulceration may be seen ```
31
How is a severe attack of UC defined?
``` Stool frequency >6 per day with blood Fever Tachycardia ESR >30 Anaemia - Hb<100 Albumin <30 ```
32
What is the management for a severe attack of UC?
1. Admit to hospital 2. Exclude enteric infection 3. Confirm diagnosis with limited flexible sigmoidoscopy 4. Assess fluid status 5. Give prophylactic anti-coagulation 6. IV hydrocortisone 7. Monitor
33
What is toxic megacolon?
AXR showing thin walled colon with diameter of >6cm Gas filled and containing mucosal islands Impending perforation and high mortality
34
What signs of UC can be seen on examination?
Abdomen may be slightly distended and tender Tacycardia and pyrexia indicate severe disease PR exam reveals the presence of blood
35
What medication is used by most UC patients?
Aminosalicyclate
36
What is the order medication is tried in UC?
5-ASA (aminosalicyclate) Steroids Immunosuppressant Anti-TNF
37
What are the indications for surgery in UC?
In an acute attack: failure of medical treatment, toxic megacolon, haemorrhage, imminent perforation In chronic disease: incomplete response to medical treatment Dysplasia on surveillance colonoscopy
38
What is the operation of choice for UC in acute disease?
Subtotal colectomy with end ileostomy and preservation of rectum