anatomy Flashcards
What are the names of the folds in the stomach and gallbladder?
Rugae
What are the names of the folds in the small intestine?
Plicae circulares
What anatomical features does the large colon have?
Haustra
Teniae coli
What is the greater omentum?
The 2 double layers of peritoneum between the greater curvature of the stomach and the transverse colon
What is the lesser omentum?
The double layer of peritoneum between the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver
What separates the right and left lobes of the liver?
Falciform ligament
Which are the superior and inferior posterior liver lobes, respectively?
Caudate lobe
Quadrate lobe
Which artery supplies the liver?
Hepatic artery
Which vein drains the liver?
Inferior vena cava
Which vein takes blood into the liver for cleaning?
Hepatic portal vein
Which duct drains bile from the liver?
Hepatic bile duct
Which structures make the foregut?
Oesophagus Stomach 1/2 duodenum Liver Gallbladder Spleen 1/2 pancreas
Where is pain from foregut structures felt?
Epigastric region
Which structures make the midgut?
1/2 duodenum Jejunum Ileum Ascending colon Proximal 2/3 transverse colon 1/2 pancreas
Where is pain from midgut structures felt?
Umbilical region
Which structures make the hindgut?
Distal 1/3 transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Where is pain from hindgut structures felt?
Pubic region
What is the course of bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine?
Right and left hepatic veins drain the liver and join to form the common hepatic duct.
This joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder, forming the common bile duct
The common bile duct joins with the pancreatic duct at the Ampulla of Vater and drain together into he 2nd part of the duodenum at the Sphincter of Oddi
Where do the main midline branches of the abdominal aorta branch off, and which structures do they supply?
Coeliac axis - T12 - foregut
SMA - L1 - midgut
IMA - L3 - hindgut
What are the three main branches of the coeliac axis?
Common hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Left gastric artery
Where does the splenic artery supply, and with which branches?
Spleen
Stomach - left gastro-omental artery
Pancreas - pancreatic branch
Where does the common hepatic artery supply, and with which branches?
Liver - proper hepatic artery
Stomach - right hepatic artery and right gastro-omental artery
Duodenum - duodenal arteries
Pancreas - superior pancreatico-duodenal artery
Which arteries supply the midgut colon?
Middle colic artery
Right colic artery
Ileocolic artery
Other than change to hindgut, what does the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon mark?
Change of parasympathetic supply from the vagus nerve before, to the pelvic splanchnic nerve
What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?
Left colic artery
Marginal artery
Sigmoidal arteries
Superior rectal arteries
What is the first branch of the superior mesenteric artery?
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
What is the course of the hepatic venous system?
Superior and inferior mesenteric veins, and the splenic vein drain into the portal vein which enters the liver
At what vertebral level do the hepatic veins drain into the systemic venous system?
T8
At what vertebral level do the femoral and internal iliac veins all join?
L5
Which joints open the mouth?
Temperomandibular
Which muscles open and close the mouth?
Open: lateral pterygoid
Close: masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid
Which nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?
Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve - CNV3
What are the three salivary glands from anterior to posterior?
Sublingual
Submandibular
Parotid
Which nerves supply the superior and inferior oral cavity?
Superior - CNV2
Inferior - CNV3
Which nerves control the sensory and motor aspects of the gag reflex?
CNIX (sensory)
CNIX and CNX (motor)
Where does the oesophagus begin?
Inferior edge of the cricopharyngeal muscle at C6
Where does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?
T10
Where does the vena cave pass through the diaphragm?
T8
Where does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?
T12
What is the difference between oesophageal and gastric lining?
Oesophageal - stratified squamous
What are the areas of the stomach?
Fundas - superior
Cardia - oesophageal opening
Body
Pyloric antrum - before pyloric sphincter
What are the nine anatomical regions of the abdomen?
Right and left hypochrondrium, epigastric
Right and left lumbar, umbilical
Right and left iliac fossa, pubic
What is the peritoneum?
A thin, transparent, semipermeable, serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity (parietal) and organs (visceral), and creates the peritoneal cavity between the visceral and parietal laters
Which organs are intraperitoneal?
Stomach 1st part of duodenum Jejunum Ileum Transverse colon Sigmoid colon Liver
Which organs are retroperitoneal?
Duodenum (apart from 1st part) Ascending colon Descending colon Pancreas Aorta Inferior vena cava
Where does fluid collect in ascites?
Intraperitoneal cavity
Where do sympathetic nerves supplying the abdominal organs leave the spinal cord?
Between T5 and L2
Where do the pelvic splanchnic nerves leave the spinal cord?
S2, 3, 4
Where do the visceral afferent nerves of the foregut organs enter the spinal cord?
T6 - T9
Where do the visceral afferent nerves of the midgut organs enter the spinal cord?
T8 - T12
Where do the visceral afferent nerves of the hindgut organs enter the spinal cord?
T10 - L2
Which ribs protect the spleen?
9-11
Which ribs protect the liver?
7-11
Why is hepatomegaly a side effect of increase in central venous pressure?
No valves so nothing to stop back flow of blood into he liver
What is the hepatorenal recess?
The lowest part of the peritoneal cavity when the patient is supine
What is the function of the central vein in a hepatic lobule?
Collects ‘cleaned’ blood and drains into hepatic veins, which drain into the IVC
What connects branches of the hepatic portal vein and the central vein?
Sinusoids - fenestrated capillaries
Where which nerves supply sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to the pancreas?
Sympathetic - abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
Parasympathetic - vagus
What is the lymphatic vessels of the abdomen?
Coeliac - foregut
Superior mesenteric - midgut
Inferior mesenteric - hindgut
Lumbar - kidneys, abdominal wall, pelvis, lower limbs
Which structures drain into the left and right venous angles?
Right - right lymphatic duct (right arm, right thorax)
Left - thoracic duct (everywhere else)
