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Y1 - Gatrointestinal > GI Microbiology > Flashcards

GI Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

An illness caused by eating foods contaminated with microorganisms, toxins and poisons

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2
Q

Dysentery

A

Inflammation of the intestines, causing diarrhoea associated with blood and mucus

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3
Q

What microorganisms commonly cause dysentery?

A

Shigella

Campylobacter

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4
Q

Bacillus cereus key points

A

Short incubation
Starchy foods - rice
Vomiting

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5
Q

What makes bacillus cereus infection effective?

A

Heat resistant spores

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6
Q

With bacillus cereus, can you get lower GI upset?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Staph aureus key points

A

Foods that have been left at room temperature: meat, milk, fish
Common food is cream cake
Short incubation

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8
Q

Does staph aureus have a pre-formed toxin?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What are symptoms of staph aureus infection?

A

Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Can get lower Gi upset

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10
Q

What are the key points for campylobacter?

A

Most common cause of food poisoning
Medium incubation
Raw poultry, raw milk

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of campylobacter?

A

D&V (may be bloody)
Abdominal pain
Fever

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12
Q

What is there a risk of with campylobacter?

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome

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13
Q

Key points of salmonella

A

Medium incubation
Poultry, meat, raw eggs, raw milk
Can be transmitted from reptiles

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14
Q

In what way does salmonella occur?

A

In outbreaks

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella infection?

A

D&V - unlikely bloody
Abdominal pain
Fever

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16
Q

What antigen is salmonella serotypes to?

A

O-antigen

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17
Q

Shigella key points

A

Bloody diarrhoea
Produces toxin - type 2 is worse
Contaminated food and water

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18
Q

What foods are worst for shigella?

A

Salads, sandwiches - ones with lots of hand contact

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19
Q

How long is the incubation for shigella?

A

1-7 days

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of shigella infection?

A

Bloody diarrhoea
Vomiting
Abdominal cramps
Fever

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21
Q

How does the shigella toxin work?

A

Toxin binds to receptors on renal cells, RBCs and others
The toxin inhibits protein synthesis
Cell dies

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22
Q

E. Coli key points

A

Bloody diarrhoea
Usually undercooked beef
Produces verotoxin which can cause HUS
Do not give antibiotics - increases risk of HUS

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23
Q

Symptoms of E. coli

A

Bloody diarrhoea
May have vomiting
Abdo pain
Often no fever

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24
Q

How is E. coli spread?

A

Person-person

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25
Q

How does verotoxin work?

A

Binds to enterocytes, causing inhibition of protein synthesis
Death of cells gives verotoxin a route into the blood
Then causes death of vascular cells, causing clots to form
Verotoxin carried to kidneys, where it kills renal cells and causes renal faiure, resulting in haemolytic uraemia failure

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26
Q

What are the symptoms of HUS?

A 
Bloody urine
Low urine output
Abdominal pain
Fever
Pallor
Petechiae
Bloody diarrhoea (may have stopped)
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27
Q

What age range do most cases of HUS occur in?

A

<16

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28
Q

What may precipitate HUS?

A

Antibiotics, anti-motility drugs and NSAIDs

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29
Q

What investigations are done for HUS?

A 
FBC
U&amp;E
LFT
Urine samples
Lactate dehydrogenase (chemical released form damaged cells)
30
Q

Listeria key points

A

Long incubation
Pregnant women and immunocompromised
Soft cheeses, deli meats, raw milk

31
Q

Listeria symptoms

A 
Fever
Stiff neck
Confusion
Vomiting
Sometimes preceded by diarrhoea
32
Q

C. diff key points

A

Hospitals

Broad spectrum antibiotics

33
Q

Does C. diff produce a toxin?

A

Yes, 2: toxins A and B

34
Q

What are the symptoms of C. diff?

A

Watery diarrhoea
Abdo pain
Fever

35
Q

How are non-severe and severe C. diff treated?

A

Non-severe: metronidazole PO 10 days

Severe: vancomycin PO + metronidazole IV 10 days

36
Q

Rotavirus key points

A

Children under 3, often in nurseries
Diarrhoea, not bloody
Rehydration is key treatment

37
Q

What is the most common cause of diarrhoea in children under 3?

A

Rotavirus

38
Q

Symptoms of rotavirus

A

Mild, watery or profuse diarrhoea

May progress from fever and vomiting

39
Q

When can rotavirus be severe?

A

Immunocompromised children

40
Q

Norovirus key points

A

Cruise ships, wards, nursing homes

Can be contracted from shellfish

41
Q

Symptoms of norovirus

A

Explosive D&V

Not bloody

42
Q

What are the possible investigations for gastroenteritis?

A

Stool culture
Stool microscopy
Stool toxin
Stool PCR

43
Q

Which investigation would you do for salmonella and campylobacter?

A

Stool culture

44
Q

Which investigation would you so for parasitic infections?

A

Stool microscopy

45
Q

Which investigation would you do for C. diff and E. coli?

A

Stool toxin

46
Q

Which investigation would you do for norovirus and rotavirus?

A

Stool PCR

47
Q

In which cases would you give antibiotics for gastroenteritis?

A

C. diff
Immunocompromised patients
Some very ill with campylobacter

48
Q

Which microorganism would you suspect for someone who has been at a BBQ and thought the burgers looked funny?

A

E. coli

49
Q

Which microorganism would you suspect for someone who had been at a Chinese buffet/had reheated a takeaway with rice?

A

Bacillus cereus

50
Q

Which microorganism would you suspect for someone remembers eating a cream cake that had been left out?

A

Staph aureus

51
Q

Which microorganism would you suspect for someone at a care home where many of its residents have diarrhoea and some aren’t urinating?

A

HUS - E. coli

52
Q

Cholera key points

A

Usually from water contaminated with faeces

Rice-water stools

53
Q

Describe the microorganism cholera

A

Gram negative bacillus

54
Q

Is cholera toxin mediated?

A

Yes

55
Q

Enteric fever key points

A

Fever, headache, abdominal discomfort
SE Asia or Indian subcontinant
Isolate patient immediately

56
Q

What are the two microorganisms that could be causing enteric fever and which is less severe?

A 
Salmonella typhoid
Salmonella paratyphoid (less severe)
57
Q

Enteric fever clinical findings?

A

Abdominal tenderness

Hepatosplenomegaly

58
Q

How is enteric fever diagnosed?

A

Blood culture

59
Q

What antibiotic is given for enteric fever if stable, unstable (septic) or from an area of resistance?

A

Stable - ciprofloxacin
Unstable - ceftriaxone
Resistant - azithromycin

60
Q

Amoebiasis key points

A

Protozoa
Poor sanitation
May cause abscess

61
Q

In abscess caused by amoebiasis, what are the physical signs?

A

Dark patch in liver and abdominal discomfort

Point of tenderness over right lover ribs

62
Q

What are the investigations for amoebiasis?

A 
Stool microscopy
CT to see abscess
AXR to check for toxic mega-colon
CXR - raised right semi-diaphragm
May need endoscopy or biopsy
63
Q

What is the management for amoebiasis?

A

Metronidazole

Paramomycin to clear the gut lumen of parasites

64
Q

Giardiasis key points

A

Protozoa
Faecal-oral spread
Watery, malodorous diarrhoea, bloating and flatulance

65
Q

Symptoms of giardiasis

A

Watery, malodorous diarrhoea
Bloating and flatulence
Abdominal cramps
Weight loss

66
Q

Investigation for giardiasis

A

Stool microscopy for cysts

Stool PCR when available

67
Q

Treatment for giardiasis

A

Metronidazole or tinidazole

68
Q

What are helminth infections associated with?

A

Eosinophilia

69
Q

How would you get schistosomiasis?

A

Swimming in Lake Malawi

70
Q

How would you get a tapeworm?

A

Undercooked meat

Y1 - Gatrointestinal (31 decks)

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