Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y1 - Gatrointestinal > Structural Lower GI > Flashcards

Structural Lower GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

The presence of diverticula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is diverticular disease?

A

Diverticular which are symptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is diverticulitis?

A

Inflammation of a diverticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why does a low fibre diet lead to diverticular disease?

A

The colon works harder to move faeces.
This increases the pressure in the lumen
Diverticula form as the mucosa herniates through the muscle layer to form an outpouching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are diverticula most common?

A

Sigmoid colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who tend to present with diverticular disease?

A

Those with a western lifestyle - processed foods with low fibre diet
Older patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of diverticular disease?

A

Change to normal bowel habit

Left iliac fossa colic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of diverticulitis?

A

Severe pain in LIF
Fever
Tachycardia
Tenderness and guarding of the left side of the abdomen on examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What investigations can discover diverticula?

A

Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy

Barium enema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What investigations can help diagnose diverticulosis?

A

Increased ESR/CRP

CT is investigation of choice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the complications of diverticular disease?

A

Perforation
Haemorrhage
Fistula
Stricture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can a perforation of a diverticulum cause?

A

Peritonitis

Abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the classification system for acute diverticulitis?

A

Hinchey classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the four stages of the Hinchey classification of acute diverticulitis?

A
  1. Pericolic abscess
  2. Pelvic abscess
  3. Purulent peritonitis
  4. Faecal peritonitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the treatment of diverticular disease?

A

Balanced diet with enough fibre

Analgesia and possibly bulking laxative for symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is done for uncomplicated diverticulitis?

A

Watchful waiting
Analgesia if necessary
Antibiotics if suspected infection
IV fluids, IV antibiotics, bowel rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is done for complicated diverticulitis?

A

Percutaneous drainage of large abscess
Laparoscopic peritoneal lavage and drainage
Hartmann’s procedure
Primary resection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Hartmann’s procedure?

A

Remove the sigmoid colon and use a colostomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the types of colonic polyps?

A

Adenoma
Serrated
Inflammatory
Hamartomatous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the most common colonic polyps?

A

Adenomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When do inflammatory polyps occur?

A

IBD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When fo hamartomatous polyps occur?

A

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which mutation causes familial adenomatous polyposis?

A

Mutation in the APC tumour suppressor gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the % risk of colon cancer for patients with FAP?

A

Almost 100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe the polyps Lynch syndrome causes?
Adenomas Right-sided Not always colonic, can be gastric, endometrial
26
Which mutation causes Lynch syndrome?
DNA mismatch
27
What are the characteristics of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome?
Hyperpigmentation | Hamartomatous polyps
28
What are the risk factors for colonic polyps?
Patients with inherited conditions IBD Smoking and alcohol Older age
29
What are the symptoms of colonic polyps?
Usually asymptomatic Rectal bleeding causing anaemia Mucus in stool Diarrhoea and constipation
30
What investigations can help diagnose colonic polyps?
Family history Genetic testing Colonoscopy Biopsy
31
Which patients with colonic polyps are at risk of colonic cancer?
FAP Lynch syndrome People who have had adenomatous polyps removed before People who have had IBD for 10+ years
32
What treatment is done for colonic polyps?
Screening Adenomas are removed FAP required prophylactic surgery in addition to screening
33
What is a hernia?
Protrusion of an organ or tissue out of the body cavity it is supposed to be in
34
What are the causes of hernias?
Structural weakness and increased pressure
35
What can cause structural weakness leading to hernia?
Normal anatomical weakness Congenital abnormality resulting in a weakness Surgical scar
36
What can cause increased pressure leading to hernia?
Strenuous activity Chronic cough Pregnancy Straining bowel movements or urination
37
What is a reducible hernia?
One that can be pushed back into the abdomen
38
What is an irreducible hernia?
One that cannot be pushed back into the abdomen
39
What is an incarcerated hernia?
One where the contents of the hernia are stuck inside it by adhesions and can't be reduced
40
What is an obstructed hernia?
Hernia causes bowel obstruction and bowel contents are unable to pass Blood supply is still viable Can progress to strangulation
41
What is a strangulated hernia?
Vascular supply to the contents of the hernia is compromised, ischaemia occurs and surgery is needed
42
What are the signs and symptoms of hernias?
Swelling an a particular location May be reducible May protrude on coughing or standing Pain and tenderness at the site of the hernia in strangulation
43
What investigations are done for hernias?
Examination of the swelling | Ultrasound scan sometimes
44
What are the possible complications of hernias?
Hernia becomes irreducible Incarceration Strangulation Obstruction
45
What are the types of hernia?
``` Hiatus Epigastric Umbilical Paraumbilical Spigelian Inguinal Femoral Parastomal Lumbar Incisional ```
46
What is an inguinal hernia?
Part of the abdominal contents protrudes through the inguinal canal
47
What is a direct inguinal hernia?
The bowel herniates through a weakness in the floor of the inguinal canal and through Hasselback's triangle to come out of the superficial ring Reappears after reduction
48
What is an indirect inguinal hernia?
Bowel herniates though the deep inguinal ring and out the superficial ring Doesn't reappear after reduction
49
What is a hiatus hernia?
The herniation of the stomach through the diaphragm
50
How does a hiatus hernia present?
Reflux die to reduced efficiency of the LOS which can lead to GORD
51
What is the treatment for hernia?
Conservative or surgical dependent on type and presence of complications
52
What is the treatment for hiatus hernia?
Conservative (lose weight, treat GORD) or surgical if symptoms persist
53
What is a sliding hiatus hernia?
Gastro-oesophageal junction and part of the stomach slides up into the chest
54
What is a para-oesophageal hernia?
Part of the stomach herniates up into the chest alongside the oesophagus
55
What is an epigastric hernia?
Bowel herniates though a fascial defect in the lineament alba in the epigastric region of the abdomen Usually symptomatic but can be painful
56
What is a spigelian hernia?
Bowel herniates though the spigelian fascia | Looks like a lump below and lateral to the umbilicus
57
What is a femoral hernia?
Bowel herniates though the femoral canal | Looks like a lump in the upper medial thigh that points down towards the leg
58
Which hernias always require surgical treatment?
``` Spigelian Femoral Lumbar Incisional Para-stomal Para-umbilical ```
59
What is a lumbar hernia?
Bowel herniates through the lumbar triangles | Looks like a lump in the back
60
What is an incisional hernia?
Hernia post-surgery | Looks like a pump along the line of previous incision
61
What is a para-stomal hernia?
Hernia through the abdominal wall defect created when a stoma is formed
62
What is a para-umbilical hernia?
Bowel herniates through an acquired weakness of the abdominal wall around the umbilicus Looks like a lump at/near the umbilicus Often painful
63
What are the risk factors for para-umbilical hernia?
Obesity Ascites Multiple pregnancies
64
What is an umbilical hernia?
Bowel herniates due to congenital weakness from the persistence of an abdominal wall defect at the site of the umbilicus Looks like a lump at the umbilicus Usually resolve but may need treated
65
Which hernia requires surgery because of the high incidence of incarceration and strangulation?
Para-umbilical
66
Which inguinal hernia passes through the deep ring and which through the superficial ring?
Indirect hernias pass through the deep ring and the superficial ring Direct hernias pass through Hasslebach's triangle instead of the deep ring and pass through the superficial ring
67
What are the types of inguinal hernia's relationships to the inferior epigastric artery?
Direct - medial | Indirect - lateral
68
What are the types of inguinal hernia's relationships to the spermatic cord?
Direct - parallel | Indirect - within
69
What is a haemorrhoid?
Enlargement of vascular cushions (rectal venous plexuses) in the wall of the anus and rectum due to increased pressure
70
What are the signs and symptoms of haemorrhoids?
Painless bright red bleeding PR Perianal itch No change in bowel habit or weight
71
What investigations are done for haemorrhoids?
PR exam Proctoscopy Rigid sigmoidoscopy Flexible sigmoidoscopy to rule out malignancy
72
What is the possible complication of haemorrhoids?
Can become strangulated and cause pain
73
What is the conservative therapy for haemorrhoids?
Increased fluid and fibre to prevent constipation, with bulking laxatives and analgesia if necessary Anal hygiene to aid healing
74
What are the non-surgical therapy for haemorrhoids?
Sclerosation therapy | Rubber band ligation
75
What are the surgical therapies for haemorrhoids?
Haemorrhoidectomy Stapled haemorrhoidectomy HALO/THD procedure to cut off blood supply
76
What are rectal varies due to?
Portal hypertension
77
What do rectal varies present with?
PR bleeding

Y1 - Gatrointestinal (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions