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BIO 181-171 > The Stomach: 8-30-13 (BIO 181) > Flashcards

The Stomach: 8-30-13 (BIO 181) Flashcards

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1
Q
  • storage of ingested food
  • mechanical breakdown of ingested food
  • chemical breakdown of food via acid and enzymes
  • production of intrinsic factor
A

four major functions of the stomach

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2
Q

____ required for absorption of vitamin ____ in small intestine

A

glycoprotien; B12

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3
Q

4 regions of the stomach

A

cardia
fondus
body
pylorus

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4
Q

folds in the stomach lining that flatten upon expansion

A

rugae

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5
Q

the lining of the entire stomach

A

simple columnar epithelium

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6
Q
  • located in the stomach and lead to gastric glands

- contain secretory products released by several different cells

A

gastric pits

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7
Q
  • most abundant near base of gastric gland

- secrete pepsinogen

A

chief cells

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8
Q
  • located primarily in the proximal portion of the glands

- secrete hydrogen ions, intrinsic factor, and mucous cells

A

parietal cells

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9
Q

maintain acidity of stomach

A

hydrogen ions

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10
Q

necessary for the absorption of B12

A

intrinsic factor

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11
Q

cells that secrete mucous

A

mucous cells

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12
Q
  • glands in the pylorus

- contain enteroendocrine cells that secrete hormones

A

pyloric glands

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13
Q
  • produce gastrin

- stimulates secretions of the parietal and chief cells

A

G Cells

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14
Q
  • release somatostatian

- inhibits release of gastrin

A

D Cells

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15
Q

production of acid and enzymes by the gastric mucosa can be

A
  • controlled by the CNS
  • regulated by reflexes of ENS
  • Regulated by hormones of digestive tract
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16
Q
  • Cephalic phase
  • gastric phase
  • intestinal phase
A

three phases of gastric control

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17
Q
  • begins when see, smell, or think of food
  • directed entirely by CNS
  • prepares stomach to receive food
  • lasts minutes and can be affected by emotional state
A

cephalic phase of gastric secretion

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18
Q
  • begins when food enters the stomach

- lasts 3-4 hours

A

gastric phase of gastric secretion

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19
Q

gastric phase proceeds via 3 mechanisms

A
  • neural response
  • hormonal response
  • local response
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20
Q
  • begins when chyme enters small intestine (several hours after eating)
  • functions in the control of the rate gastric emptying into the small intestine
  • involved neural and hormonal responses
A

intestinal phase of gastric secretion

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21
Q

digestion in the stomach includes

A
  • preliminary digestion of proteins (by pepsin)
  • some digestion of carbs (by salivary amylase)
  • lipids by lingual lipase
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22
Q

during digestion, the stomach contents

A
  • become more fluid
  • pH approaches 2.0
  • pepsin activity increases
  • protein disassembly begins
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23
Q

although ___ occurs in the ____, nutrients are not absorbed there

A

digestion; stomach

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24
Q
  • plays a key role in digestion and absorption of nutrients

- 90% of nutrient absorption occurs

A

the small intestine

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25
Q

the small intestine is composed of three parts

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ilium
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26
Q
  • the segment closest to the stomach
  • 25cm (10in) long
  • mixing bowl that receives chyme and digestive secretions from the pancreas and liver
  • neutralizes acids before they can damage the absorptive surfaces of the small intestine
A

duodenum

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27
Q
  • middle segment of the small intestine
  • 2.5 meters (8.2 ft) long
  • location of most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
A

jejunum

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28
Q
  • the final segment of small intestine
  • 3.5 meters (11.48 ft) long
  • ends at the iliocecal valve, a sphincter that controls flow of material from it into the large intestine
A

ilium

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29
Q

-permanent transverse folds in intestinal lining that do not disappear when small intestine fills

A

plica circulares

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30
Q

increase surface area of epithelium

A

intestinal villi

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31
Q
  • contains extensive capillary network
  • contains lacteals
  • lines by epithelial cells
  • increase surface area of epithelial cells that form brush boarder
  • have intestinal glands in between
  • duodenal glands
A

intestinal villi

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32
Q
  • lymphatic capillaries

- transport materials that cannot enter the blood

A

lacteals

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33
Q

-glandular pockets located at the base of each intestinal villi

A

intestinal glands

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34
Q
  • watery intestinal juice
  • 1.8 L per day enter intestinal lumen
  • moisten chyme
  • assist in buffering acids
  • keep digestive enzymes and products of digestion in solution
A

intestinal secretions

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35
Q

weak ___ ___ move chyme slowly from duodenum to jejunum

A

peristaltic contractions

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36
Q
  • stimulates motility and secretion along entire small intestine
  • accelerate movement along the small intestine
A

gastroenteric reflex

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37
Q
  • allows materials to pass from small intestine to large intestine
  • triggers relaxation of ileocecal valve
  • accelerate movement along the small intestine
A

gastroileal reflex

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38
Q
  • lies posteror to stomach
  • extends from duodenum toward spleen
  • bound to posterior wall of abdominal cavity
  • wrapped in thin, connective tissue capsule
A

pancreas

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39
Q

head of pancreas

A
  • broad

- in loop of duodenum

40
Q

body of pancreas

A
  • slender

- extends toward spleen

41
Q

tail of pancreas

A

-short and rounded

42
Q
  • ____make up entire surface of the pancreas
  • are separated by connective tissue
  • contain blood vessels and branches of pancreatic ducts
  • ducts branch repeatedly and end in pockets called pancreatic acini
A

lobules

43
Q
  • blind pockets that make up the exocrine portion of the pancreas
  • lined with simple cubiodal epithelium
A

pancreatic acini

44
Q
  • endocrine tissues

- scattered throughout acini (only 1% of pancreatic cells)

A

pancreatic islets

45
Q

endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets secrete ____ and ____ into bloodstream

A

insulin; glucagon

46
Q

___ cells and ____ cells of duct system secrete pancreatic juice

A

acinar; epithelial

47
Q

pancreatic juice= pancreatic ____

A

secretions

48
Q
  • 1000 mL (1 qt) per day
  • controlled by hormones from duodenum
  • contain pancreatic enzymes
A

pancreatic juice

49
Q
  • a carbohydrase
  • breaks down starches
  • similar to salivary amylase
A

pancreatic alpha-amylase

50
Q

-break down complex lipids

A

pancreatic lipase

51
Q

break down nucleic acids

A

nucleases

52
Q
  • make up 70% of all pancreatic enzyme production
  • secreted as inactive proenzymes
  • activated only after reaching small intestine
  • include proteases and peptidases
A

pancreatic enzymes

53
Q

break down large protein complexes

A

proteases

54
Q

break down small peptides into amino acids

A

peptidases

55
Q
  • the larges visceral organ (1.5kg; 3.3lbs)
  • lies in right hypochondriac and epigastric regions
  • is wrapped in tough fibrous capsule
  • is covered by visceral peritoneum
  • is divided into right, left, quadrate, and caudate lobes
A

the liver

56
Q

___ lobe and ___ lobe dived by inferior vena cava

A

right; caudate

57
Q

___ sits between right and quadrate lobe

A

gallbladder

58
Q

___ blood vessels reach liver by traveling through the lesser omentum, the converge at the porta hepatis

A

afferent

59
Q

venus blood from the ___ ___ vein

A

hepatic portal

60
Q

___ lobes are made up of about 100,000 lubules per lobe

A

liver

61
Q
  • the basic functional units of the liver
  • each is hexagonal in cross section and about 1 mm in diameter
  • all separated by connective tissue
  • contains six portal areas
A

liver lobules

62
Q

portal area contains three structures

A

hepatic artery proper
hepatic portal vein
bile duct

63
Q

branches from the arteries and veins deliver blood to the ___

A

sinusoids

64
Q

blood then leaves sinusoids and enter the __ vein

A

central

65
Q

central veins ultimately merge to form the ___ veins, which then empty into the inferior vena cava

A

hepatic

66
Q

circulating levels of nutrients are adjusted by the liver cells

A

hepatocytes

67
Q
  • absorb solutes from plasma as blood flows through sinusoids
  • secrete materials such as plasma proteins
A

selective absorption and secretion

68
Q
  • located throughout sinusoidal lining of each lobule

- function in phagocytosis and storage

A

kupffer cells

69
Q

liver secretes ___ fluid into a network of narrow channels (bile canaliculi)

A

bile

70
Q
  • collect bile from all bile ducts of liver lobes

- unite to form common hepatic duct that leaves the liver

A

right and left hepatic ducts

71
Q

bile flows from common hepatic duct to either:

A
  • the cystic duct, which leads to the gallbladder

- the common bile duct, which empties into duodenal ampulla

72
Q

at the duodenal ampulla, the ___ bile duct meets the ___ duct and penetrates wall of duodenum

A

common; pancreatic

73
Q

three major functions of the liver

A
  • metabolic regulation
  • hematological regulation
  • bile production
74
Q

composition of all circulating blood

A
  • acts as the gate keeper of the blood

- blood leaving the digestive tract enters the hepatic portal system and flows into the liver

75
Q
  • liver remoces and stores excess nutrients
  • all liver cells extract nutrients or toxins from blood before they reach systemic circulation
  • corrects nutrient deficiencies by mobilizing stored reserves or performing synthetic activities
A

nutrient metabolism and storage

76
Q

removal of amino groups from waste to produce ammonia

A

deamination

77
Q

after deamination, ammonia is then converted to ___ that can easily be excreted by kidneys

A

urea

78
Q

limits the duration that drugs actually have effects in the body

A

drug inactivation

79
Q

-ultimately stabilizes blood glucose levels

A

carbohydrate metabolism

80
Q
  • glycogen broken down into glucose

- occurs when glucose is scarce or being used rapidly

A

glycogenolysis

81
Q

___ blood glucose= hepatocytes convert glycogen to glucose

A

low

82
Q

glycogenolysis can only occur in the

A

liver

83
Q

when glycogen is broken down, it is released as ______ and is usually the starting phase of glycolysis

A

glucose-6-phosphate

84
Q
  • glucose is converted to glycogen
  • occurs when glucose is in abundant supply
  • high blood glucose = hepatocytes remove glucose from bloodstream and store it as glycogen
A

glycogenisis

85
Q
  • similar to glycogenolysis
  • does not used glycogen to create glucose
  • other carbs, amino acids, ect are used to synthesize glucose
  • can only occur in the liver
A

gluconeogenesis

86
Q
  • triglycerides, fatty acids, and cholesterol
  • low lipid levels=liver breaks down lipid reserves and releases them into bloodstream
  • high lipid levels=lipids are removed and then stored
A

lipid metabolism

87
Q

-excess amino acids removed and used to synthesize protiens, lipids, or glicose (for energy)

A

amino acid metabolism

88
Q
  • A, D, E, K, B12

- absorbed from blood and stored in liver for future use when it is depleted from diet

A

vitamin storage

89
Q

EX: iron is converted to ferritin and then stored

A

mineral storage

90
Q
  • kupffer cells remove old red blood cells, bacteria, and any badness from the blood
  • can also trigger immune response as needed by the body
A

phagocytosis and antigen presentation

91
Q

-hepatocytes make albumin as well as clotting proteins, and others

A

synthesis of plasma proteins

92
Q

-absorbs and recycles hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin, thyroid hormone, steroid hormone, sex hormone and corticosteroids

A

removal of circulating hormones

93
Q
  • removal or ___

- removal or storage of ___

A

antibodies; toxins

94
Q

liver ___ bile and ___ it into the duodenum under neural and hormonal regulation

A

synthesizes; secretes

95
Q

water and ions in bile ___ and ___ acids in chyme as it enters the small intestine

A

dilute; neutralize

96
Q

bile ___ play a key role in lipid digestion

A

salts

BIO 181-171 (12 decks)

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