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BIO 181-171 > CH 26 Packet (BIO 181-171) > Flashcards

CH 26 Packet (BIO 181-171) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system

A
  • Excretion (Removal of organic wastes from body fluids)
  • Elimination (Discharge of waste products)
  • Homeostatic regulation (Of blood plasma volume and solute concentration)
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2
Q

What are the five homeostatic functions of the urinary system

A
  1. Regulates blood volume and blood pressure
  2. Regulates plasma ion concentrations
  3. Helps stabilize blood pH
  4. Conserves valuable nutrients
  5. Assists liver in detoxifying poisons
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3
Q

What is the hilum

A
  • Point of entry for renal artery and renal nerves

* Point of exit for renal vein and ureter

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4
Q

What are the inner and outer portions of the kidney known as?

A

inner-> renal medulla

outer->renal cortex

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5
Q

What are the renal columns

A
  • Bands of cortical tissue that separate adjacent renal pyramids
  • Extend into medulla
  • Have distinct granular texture
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6
Q

What is a renal lobe?

A
  • Consists of: Renal pyramid, Overlying area of renal cortex and, Adjacent tissues of renal columns
  • site of urine production
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7
Q

What is the renal papilla

A

• Ducts that discharge urine into the minor calyx (a cup-shaped drain)

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8
Q

Where does urine production begin

A

nepheines

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9
Q

HOw mich of your total cardiac output do your kidneys receive?

A

20-25%

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10
Q

Map out a summary of the flow of filtrate during renal circulation

A

renal artery->segmental artery->interlobar artery-> arcurate artery-> interlobular artery

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11
Q

Describe the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys

A
  • Adjusts rate of urine formation

* Stimulates release of renin

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12
Q

What is the fundamental and functional unit of the kidneys

A

nephron

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13
Q

What two parts make up the renal corpuscle

A
  • Bowman’s capsule (glomerular capsule)

* Glomerulus

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14
Q

How is blood delivered to and from the glomerulus

A
  • Blood is delivered to the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole
  • Blood leaves the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole
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15
Q

Name all of the segments of the renal tubule

A
  • Proximal Convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • Loop of Henle (connects the PCT and DCT)(Descending and ascending limb)
  • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
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16
Q

Describe the characteristics of the proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • Lots of microvilli in epithelial lining, which increases surfaces area for reabsorption
  • Functions primarily in reabsorption
  • Permeable to water and solutes
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17
Q

Describe the characteristics of the ascending and descending limb of the loop of Henle

A
  • Descending limb(Permeable to water, Not to solutes)

* Ascending limb (Not permeable to water, Contains active transporters for Na+ and Cl-)

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18
Q

Describe the characteristics of the distal convoluted tubule

A
  • Epithelial cells lack microvilli

* Very permeable to solutes and NOT water

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19
Q

What three processes occur in theDCT?

A
  1. Active secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins
  2. Selective reabsorption of sodium and calcium from tubular fluid
  3. Selective reabsorption of water: (concentrates tubular fluid)
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20
Q

What structure carries filtrate away from the nephron

A

collecting duct

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21
Q

Describe the characteristic of the collecting system

A
  • Adjusts fluid composition
  • Determines final osmotic concentration and volume of urine
  • Hormonal regulation
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22
Q

What parts of the nephron are under hormonal regulation

A

collecting ducts and DCT

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23
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular complex

A

• Site at which DCT contacts the afferent and efferent arterioles

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24
Q

What is the function of the macula densa cells

A

• Monitor and respond to changes in osmolarity of the filtrate in the tubule

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25
Q

What is the function of the Juxtaglomerular cells

A

• Contain baroreceptors that are sensitive to the blood pressure within the arterioles

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26
Q

What are the two types of nephrons based on their location

A
  • Cortical Nephrons

* Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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27
Q

Describe the characteristic of Juxtamedullary Nephrons

A
  • Comprises only 15% of nephrons

* Loop of Henle is long and extends deep into the medulla of the kidney

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28
Q

Describe the characteristics of cortical nephrons

A
  • Comprise 85% of all nephrons
  • Located mostly within cortex of kidney
  • Loop of Henle is relatively short
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29
Q

What are the three basic processes of urine formation

A
  • Glomerular filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • Secretion
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30
Q

Define glomerular filtration and where is comes from

A

movement of filtrate from glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule (from renal corpusule)

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31
Q

Define reabsorption

A

from tubules to peritubular capillaries (and back into general circulation)

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32
Q

Define secretion

A

from peritubular capillaries back into the filtrate in the tubules

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33
Q

Define excretion

A

from tubules out of body

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34
Q

What do the glomerular capillaries do

A
  • Prevent passage of blood cells

* Allow diffusion of solutes, including plasma proteins

35
Q

The lamina densa allows for the diffusion of what substances

A
  • Small plasma proteins
  • Nutrients
  • Ions
36
Q

What are the characteristic of the filtration slits and what do they do

A
  • Are the finest filters
  • Have gaps only 6–9 nm wide
  • Prevent passage of most small plasma proteins
37
Q

What is the glmerular hydrostatic pressure do to the filtrate

A

• Favors filtration and tends to push water and solutes Out of plasma and Into the filtrate

38
Q

What does the capsular hydrostatic pressure do to the filtrate

A

• Apposes filtration and pushes water and solutes Out of filtrate and Into plasma

39
Q

Define net Hydrostatic Pressure

A

• Is the difference between Glomerular hydrostatic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure

40
Q

What does the Colloid Osmotic Pressure do to the filtrate

A
  • Tends to draw water out of filtrate and into plasma
  • Because osmolarity of the blood is higher than in the filtrate
  • Opposes filtration
41
Q

Describe the overall filtration pressure

A

• Is the average pressure forcing water and dissolved materials Out of glomerular capillaries and Into capsular spaces

42
Q

Define GFR

A
  • Is the amount of filtrate that the kidneys produce each minute
  • Averages 125 mL/min
43
Q

How much filtrate actually enters the capsular space and how much gets reabsorbed

A
  • However, only 10% of the fluid that is delivered to kidneys leaves bloodstream and enters capsular spaces
  • 90% of filtrate is reabsorbed
44
Q

What factor(s) can alter GFR

A

• Any factor that alters filtration pressure, alters GFR

45
Q

An increase in blood pressure or volume will have what type of affect on GFR

A
  • Automatically increases GFR

* Which will promote fluid loss

46
Q

name three ways in which your body keeps GFR consistent

A
  • Autoregulation (local level)
  • Hormonal regulation (initiated by kidneys)
  • Autonomic regulation (by sympathetic nervous system)
47
Q

Describe the auto regulation of GFR

A

• Maintains GFR despite changes in LOCAL blood pressure and blood flow By changing the diameter of afferent and efferent arterioles

48
Q

Describe the hormonal regulation of GFR

A

ANP, BNP, and dilation of afferent arterioles and constriction of efferent arterioles

49
Q

Describe the autonomic regulation of GFR via the sympathetic nervous system

A

• Sympathetic activation is triggered by blood loss or extreme stress
– Constricts renal blood vessels
– Decreases kidney function (Blood is shunted to other vital organs)
– Decreases GFR to achieve minimal fluid loss from the blood

50
Q

What is the normal GFR in a healthy adult

A

125 ml/min

51
Q

Define clearance

A

• The volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidney in a given amount of time (usually per minute)

52
Q

What two substances can be used to measure GFR based on their clearance values?

A
  • Creatinine Clearance Test

* Inulin is a more accurate test for GFR

53
Q

Describe the characteristics of creatinine and inulin

A
  • Creatinine:Is a natural by-product of muscle metabolism; Freely filtered and NOT reabsorbed; Measuring the concentration of creatinine in the urine gives an estimatation of GFR
  • Inulin is a more accurate test for GFR but is NOT naturally made in the body or easily metabolized But when injected into patient, it has a clearance that is equal to GFR (125 ml/min), This is because inulin is freely filtered and is NEITHER reabsorbed NOR secreted
54
Q

What is the fate of a substance if its clearance value is greater than CFR

A

• Net secretion has occurred

55
Q

What is the fate of a substance if its clearance value is less than CFR

A

• Net reabsorption has occurred

56
Q

Name three mechanisms that are involved in secretion and reabsorption

A
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Carrier-mediated transport
57
Q

What is the transport maximum?

A
  • Rate of transport that occurs when carrier proteins are completely saturated
  • If certain solute concentrations rise in tubular fluid, the Tm is reached, and ultimately, renal threshold is reached
58
Q

What is the renal threshold?

A

• Point at which the solute concentration exceeds the Tm (and can no longer be reabsorbed)

59
Q

What is the fate of of glucose in a normal, healthy adult

A

complete reabsorption

60
Q

Where does filtration take place?

A

renal corpusle

61
Q

Where does most of the reabsorption take place

A

proximal convoluted tubules

62
Q

Describe the reabsorption and secretion that takes places at the PCT

A
  • Reabsorption in the PCT
  • Primarily via active transport
  • 60-70% of Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3 (bicarbonate) ions
  • LOTS of water
  • 100% of glucose or amino acids
  • Secretion in the PCT
  • Organic acids and bases
  • H+ ions
63
Q

Describe the countercurrent multiplication system in the loop of Henle

A

• Is exchange that occurs between two parallel segments of loop of Henle

64
Q

What are the benefits of countercurrent multiplication

A
  • Efficiently reabsorbs solutes and water:

* Establishes concentration gradient:

65
Q

What occurs as the filtrate is traveling down the descending limb to the loop of Henle

A
  • Is permeable to water
  • Is relatively impermeable to solutes
  • Little or no active transport
  • Primarily involved in reabsorption of water
  • As a result, osmolarity of fluid increases as it travels to bottom of loop (highest osmolarity at the bottom of loop of Henle)
66
Q

Describe the secretion and reabsorption that takes place in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A
  • Reabsorption in the ascending limb( 2/3 of remaining Na+ and Cl- ions and As a result, the osmolarity of the fluid decreases as the fluid travels up to the DCT)
  • Secretion in the ascending limb is minimal (H+ ions)
67
Q

Describe the secretion and reabsorption that takes place in the DCT

A
  • Reabsorption at the DCT (via active transport) (Na+, Cl-, Ca+,Mg)
  • Secretion at the DCT (K+ (through channels),H+ (through pumps))
68
Q

What hormones regulate the reabsorption of Na and Ca in the DCT

A
  • Aldosterone from adrenal gland (Regulates Na+ reabsorption (so there is minimal Na+ loss in the urine))
  • Parathyroid hormone and Calcitriol (Regulate Ca reabsorption)
  • (Some regulation of water via ADH)
69
Q

What hormones regulate solute and water loss in the collecting system

A
  • Aldosterone (Controls sodium ion pumps and regulates Na+ reabsorption)
  • ADH (Controls permeability to water (increases water reabsorption))
70
Q

Describe the reabsorption and secretion that takes place in the collecting ducts

A
  • Reabsorption in the Collecting System (Na+, Bicarbonate ions, Water, Urea)
  • Secretion in the Collecting System (Of hydrogen or bicarbonate ions; Secretion functions in controlling body fluid pH)
71
Q

Describe the normal responses of the collecting system to changes in body fluid pH

A
  • > Low blood pH (Peritubular Fluid) = Acidosis; Carrier proteins; Pump H+ into tubular fluid (renal tubule);Reabsorb bicarbonate ions (back into blood)
  • > High blood pH (Peritubular Fluid) = Alkolosis; Collecting system; Secretes bicarbonate ions into renal tubules; Pumps H+ into peritubular fluid
72
Q

Differentiate between obligatory and Facultative water reabsorption, and state where they occur

A

—>Obligatory Water Reabsorption
• Is water movement that cannot be prevented
• Usually recovers 85% of filtrate produced
• Primarily in the PCT
—>Facultative Water Reabsorption
• Controls volume of water reabsorbed along DCT and collecting system (because they are hormonally regulated)
• 15% of filtrate volume (27 liters/day)
• Segments are relatively impermeable to water
• Except in presence of ADH

73
Q

What structure carries reabsorbed substances back into the general circulation

A

vasa recta

74
Q

Where in the nephron does the filtrate reach its highest osmolarity?

A

bottom of loop of Henle

75
Q

Describe the filtrate in the presence and the absence of ADH

A

Presence: small volume and ??
Absence: large volume and dilute urine

76
Q

What structures make up the urinary tract

A

ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

77
Q

How often do peristaltic contractions occur in the ureters

A

every 30 seconds

78
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder

A

temporary reservoir for urine storage

79
Q

The muscularis layer of the bladder contains an important muscle. name the muscle and give its function

A
  • The Muscularis Layer consists of the detrusor muscle of the bladder
  • Contraction of this muscle compresses the bladder and expels urine
80
Q

Describe the characteristics of the internal urethral sphincter

A
  • Made of smooth muscle
  • Located in the neck of the urinary bladder
  • Involuntary control
81
Q

Describe the characteristics of the external urethral sphincter

A
  • Is a circular band of skeletal muscle that acts as a valve
  • Is under voluntary control
  • Voluntarily relaxation of this sphincter permits micturition
82
Q

Describe the chain of events that occur during the micturition reflex and urination

A

stretch receptos signal to sacral spinal cord and efferent fibers stimulate ganglionic neurons in wall of bladder. Post ganglionic neuron stimulates detrusor muscle contraction

83
Q

What gives your the awareness that you have to urinate

A

projection of information from the thalamus to the cortex

BIO 181-171 (12 decks)

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