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BIO 181-171 > 10-25-13 (BIO 181) > Flashcards

10-25-13 (BIO 181) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

entry of sound waves

A

outer ear

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2
Q

amplification of sound waves (ENDS AT TYMPANIC MEMBRANE)

A
  • Middle ear
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3
Q

transduction of sound energy

A
  • Inner ear
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4
Q
  • Sound travels in the form of
A

mechanical waves

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5
Q
  • Amplitude of waves
  • Measured in Decibels (dB)
  • Lowest detectable range = 0 dB
  • Painful damage to the ear = 140 dB
  • Normal speech = 60 dB
A
  • Loudness
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6
Q
  • Frequency of waves
  • Measured in Hertz (Hz)
  • Normal human range = 20 to 20000 Hz
A

• Pitch

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7
Q
  • Sound waves hit ____ membrane and causes it to vibrate

* Sound waves must then must be amplified

A

tympanic

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8
Q
  • Vibration of tympanic membrane causes movement of ___ (bones) of the middle ear
  • This is the first level of amplification
A

ossicles

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9
Q
  • Movement of ossicles causes movement of ____ _____

* Second level of amplification

A

oval window

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10
Q

• Conversion of sound energy to action potentials occurs in cochlea of inner ear

A

TRANSDUCTION

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11
Q
  • Cochlea is separated from the middle ear via the ____ and ____ ___
A

Oval and Round windows

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12
Q
  • Cochlea is a closed structure that is composed of THREE fluid filled compartements
A
  • Scala Vestibuli (perilymph)
  • Scala Tympani (perilymph)
  • Scala Media (endolymph)
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13
Q

endolymph has a high concentration of

A

potassium ions

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14
Q
  • When sound waves hit the oval window, oval window vibrates
  • This causes waves to occur in the perilymph of scala vestibuli
  • Waves then travel to the scala tympani
  • This causes movement of the round window
  • Organ of Corti is located within the Scala Media of the cochlea (at the top of Basilar membrane)
  • Contains HAIR CELLS
A

sound

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15
Q
  • Hair cells act as the the Receptor cells for sound
  • Contain Stereocilia
    • Have tips that are embedded in tectorial membrane
    • Oriented short to tall
  • Surrounded by endolymph
  • Stereocilia of hair cells are connected by protein bridges
A

sound

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16
Q
  • Mechanical stress (from sound) moves protein bridges and causes opening or closing of mechanically gated___ ____
A

K+ channels

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17
Q
  • Bend to tall stereocilia, channels open → ________ (potassium enters cell)
  • Bend to short stereocilia,channels close → _______ (potassium does not leak into cell)
A

depolarization; hyperpolarization

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18
Q
  • Hair cells synapse on afferent axons of CN VIII
    • Axons make up cochlear nerve
    • One hair cell per one cochlear nerve fiber
  • Cochlear nerve enters brainstem
    • Synapses with second-order neuron
  • Second-order neuron project onto the medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
  • Synapse on third-order neuron
  • Third-order neuron projects onto auditory cortex
    • Cranial Nerve VIII = Vestibulocochlear Nerve
  • Vestibular nerve branch for equilibrium
  • Cochlear nerve branch for hearing
A

Neural Pathways for Sound

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19
Q
  • Olfactory receptor cells are one of a few neurons in the human body that are replaced continuously
  • Receptor cells have cilia that project into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity
  • Mucus contains Olfactory binding proteins which transport odorants to the receptor cells
A

Special Senses - Olfaction

Olfactory Receptor Cells

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20
Q
  • Air-borne chemicals must first dissolve in mucus
  • The Olfactory binding proteins deliver olfactants (chemicals) to receptor cells
    • Upon binding to the receptor, odorants trigger the production of cAMP (via the activation of a G protein)
    • This ultimately causes a depolarization of the receptor cells
  • Once depolarized, receptors send their axons through the Cribriform plate (base of skull with holes) and towards the brain
A

olfactory signal transduction

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21
Q
  • Axons of receptor cells comprise CN I, the olfactory nerve
  • Olfactory nerve then relays the information directly to the Olfactory Bulb in the brain
  • Axons leaving olfactory bulb travel along olfactory tract to reach olfactory cortex
  • Olfaction is the only sensory modality that has direct access to the cerebral cortex and DOES NOT have to go through the thalamus before reaching the cerebrum
A

Neural Pathway for Olfaction

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22
Q

• Gustation provides information about taste and depends on chemicals in food (and liquids) that bind to ______

A

chemoreceptors

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23
Q
  • Taste receptors (or gustatory receptors) are distributed on tongue and portions of pharynx and larynx
  • Clustered into ___ ____
A

taste buds

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24
Q
  • Located within epithelial projections (lingual papillae) on the superior surface of tongue
A

taste buds

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25
Q

lingual papillae contain 100 taste buds each

A

• Circumvallate papillae:

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26
Q

– lingual papillae contain five taste buds each

A

• Fungiform papillae:

27
Q

– lingual papillae only provide friction

– do not contain taste buds

A

• Filiform papillae:

28
Q

• Taste buds contain

A
  • Basal (stem) cells (regenerate themselves)
  • Gustatory cells
    • Extend taste hairs through taste pore
    • Survive only 10 days before replacement
29
Q
  • Due to the presence of H+ in food

* H+ binds to K+ channels and causes taste receptor cells to depolarize

A
  • Sour
30
Q
  • Due to the presence of Na+ in food
  • When salty foods are consumed, there is a huge driving force for Na ions to enter taste receptor cells, thereby causing them to depolarize
A
  • Salty
31
Q
  • Due to the presence of orgaic molecules that have a structure similar to sucrose
  • Binding of these “ligands” causes depolarization of the taste receptor cell
A
  • Sweet
32
Q
  • Due to the presence of any nitrogen containing compound

* Binding of these “ligands” causes depolarization of the taste receptor cell

A
  • Bitter
33
Q
  • Release of neurotransmitters by receptor cell

* Neurotransmitters generate action potentials in afferent fiber

A

• End Result of Taste Receptor Depolarization

34
Q
  • Taste receptor cells communicate to afferent neurons that travel via __________
A

CN VII, IX, and X

35
Q
  • CNs synapse onto to second-order neurons in the _____
A

brainstem

36
Q
  • Second-order neurons project to _____
A

thalamus

37
Q
  • Third-order neurons terminate in the _____ cortex in ____ lobe
A

gustatory; parietal

38
Q
  • Operates under voluntary, conscious control
  • Seldom affects long-term survival
  • SNS controls skeletal muscles
A
  • Somatic Nervous System (SNS),
39
Q
  • Operates without conscious instruction and is involuntary (automatic)
  • ANS controls visceral effectors
  • Coordinates system functions: cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
A
  • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
40
Q
  • Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system providing for a Dual innervation of effector organs
A

– Sympathetic nervous system

– Parasympathetic nervous system

41
Q
  • Primary function—regulate organs to maintain homeostasis
A

Dual Innervation of the ANS

42
Q
  • Parasympathetic and sympathetic activities tend to ____ each other (and are active during different conditions)
A

oppose

43
Q
  • Most active during times of rest

* Example – during digestion, slowing heart rate, etc.

A

• Parasympathetic nervous system

44
Q
  • Most active during stress or physical activity

* Example – fight or flight response

A

• Sympathetic nervous system

45
Q

• Both divisions of the autonomic nervous system innervate most effector ____

A

organs

46
Q 
*	Effector organs include:
•	Cardiac muscle
•	Smooth muscle
•	Glands 
•	Adipose tissue
•	Consists of efferent pathways containing two neurons from CNS to effector organs
•	Preganglionic neuron
•	Postganglionic neuron
A

Anatomy of the ANS

47
Q

• These neurons communicate with each other via synapses in the ____ ganglia

A

autonomic

48
Q

• Sympathetic:

* Emerges from ______ region of spinal cord (T1-L2)

A

thoracolumbar

49
Q

• Parasympathetic:
* Emerges from the brain stem (specifically four out of the twelve cranial nerves) and the ____ region of the spinal cord

A

sacral

50
Q
  • Neurons of the SNS are linked together in the ____ ____
  • Short preganglionic neurons to sympathetic chain
  • Long postganglionic neurons from chain to effector organs
A

sympathetic chain

51
Q
  • Two exceptions to the general rule of anatomy
  • Collateral ganglia— ganglia outside of the sympathetic chain that innervate ____ organs
  • Suprarenal medulla-Innervation of the Adrenal medulla
A

digestive

52
Q

• Preganglionic neuron communicates with postganglionic neuron in ____

A

ganglia

53
Q

• ____ preganglionic neurons to ganglia near effector organ

A

Long

54
Q

• ____ post ganglionic neurons from ganglia to effector organs

A

Short

55
Q

• ______ neurons can originate in brainstem (specifically, some cranial nerves) or sacral spinal cord

A

Preganglionic

56
Q
  • Preganglionic fibers of Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X

* Postgaglionic fibers innervate several target organs

A

• Cranial nerves (parasympathetic)

57
Q

originate from segments S2-S4
• Preganglonic fibers of Pelvic nerves
• Postganglionic fibers innervate visceral organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

A

• Sacral Spinal nerves (parasympathetic)

58
Q

• Primary neurotransmitters in the Autonomic Nervous System

A

• Acetylcholine
– Released by cholinergic neurons
• Norepinephrine and Epinephrin
– Released by adrenergic neurons

59
Q
  • Preganglionic neurons of the Sympathetic nervous system

* Preganglionic AND Postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous systems

A

• Acetylcholine is released by:

60
Q
  • Postganglionic neurons of the Sympathetic nervous system
A

• Norepinephrine is released by

61
Q
  • Active during quiet, relaxed states
  • Active in “rest and digest”
  • Increase gastrointestinal activities
  • Decrease heart rate and blood pressure
  • reduces metabolic rate and promotes digestion
A

Parasympathetic Activity

62
Q
  • Fight-or-flight response
  • Prepare for emergency, stress, and exercise
  • Increase heart rate and blood pressure
  • Decrease gastrointestinal and urinary functions
  • increases alertness, metabolic rate, and muscular abilities
  • Mobilize energy stores
  • Pupillary dilation
A

Sympathetic Activity

63
Q
  • Both branches active

* But at rest, Parasympathetic nervous system dominates

A

Tonic Activity at Rest

64
Q

areas of the brain that regulate autonomic function

A

hypothalamus
pons
medulla oblongata

BIO 181-171 (12 decks)

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