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BIO 181-171 > Digestive System: 8-23-13 (Biology 181) > Flashcards

Digestive System: 8-23-13 (Biology 181) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

all organisms must acquire ___ from the environment in order to survive

A

nutrients

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2
Q

two mechanisms for acquiring nutrients

A

anabolism

catabolism

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3
Q
  • uses raw materials to synthesize essential compounds

- Requires energy

A

anabolism

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4
Q
  • decomposes (breaks down) substanes to provide energy in order for cells to function
  • releases energy
A

catabolism

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5
Q

digestion is a ____ reaction

A

catabolic

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6
Q

digestion requires two essential ingredients

A

oxygen

organic molecules

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7
Q
  • broken down by intracellular enzymes (carbs, fats, and proteins)
  • provided by the digestive system
A

organic molecules

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8
Q

steps in digestion

A
  • ingestion
  • mechanical processing
  • digestion
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • excretion (elimination)
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9
Q

-occurs when material enter digestive tract via the mouth

A

ingestion

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10
Q
  • crushing and shearing

- makes materials easier to propel along the digestive tract

A

mechanical processing (chewing)

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11
Q

the chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments that can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium

A

digestion

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12
Q
  • the release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts
  • by epithelium digestive tract
  • by glandular organs
A

secretion

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13
Q
  • movement of organic substrates, electrolytes, vitamins, and water
  • across digestive epithelium
  • into interstitial fluid of digestive tract
A

absorption

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14
Q

removal of waste products from body fluids

A

excretion (elimination)

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15
Q

digestive tract consists of

A

muscular tube

accessory organs

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16
Q

muscular tube extends from

A

oral cavity to anus

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17
Q

muscular tube passes through

A

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines

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18
Q

accessory organs (attached to GI tract)

A

salivary glands, liver, pancreas

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19
Q

lining of digestive tract protects surrounding tissues against

A
  • corrosive effects of digestive acids and enzymes
  • mechanical stresses, such as abrasion
  • bacteria either ingested with food or that reside in digestive tract
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20
Q

lined with ___ membrane consisting of a superficial ____ covering a layer of ____ tissue

A

serous
mesothelium
areolar

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21
Q

visceral peritoneum (serosa) covers organs within ____ cavity

A

peritoneal

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22
Q

____ peritoneum lines inner surfaces of body wall

A

parietal

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23
Q
  • produces by serous membrane lining
  • provides essential lubrication
  • seperates parietal and visceral surfaces
  • allows sliding without friction or irritation
A

peritoneal fluid

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24
Q

-sheets of serous membrane that connect the parietal peritoneum with the visceral peritoneum that act to suspend portions of digestive tract within peritoneal cavity

A

mesenteries

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25
Q
  • stabilize internal organs and prevent intestines from becoming entangled
  • provide an access route to and from the digestive tract (important fro the passage of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels)
A

mesenteries

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26
Q

four types of mesentaries in adult digestive system

A

ventral mesentery
dosral mesentery
mesentery proper
mesocolon

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27
Q

during embryonic development digestive tract and accessory organs are suspended in peritoneal cavity by

A

dorsal and ventral mesenteries

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28
Q

ventral mesentery persists in adults at only two locations (and are derived from the ventral mesentery)

A

falciform ligament

lesser omentum

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29
Q

falciform ligament

A

helps stabilize position of live relative to diaphragm and abdominal wall

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30
Q

lesser omentum

A
  • stabilizes position of stomach

- provides access route for blood vessels and other structures entering or leaving liver

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31
Q

dorsal mesentery enlarges to form enormous pouch, called the

A

greater omentum

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32
Q
  • entends inferiorly between the body wall and the anterior surface of small intestine
  • hangs like an apron from lateral and inferior borders of stomach
A

greater omentum

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33
Q
  • made up of adipose tissue (fat)
  • pads and protects surfaces of abdomen
  • provides insulation to reduce heat loss
  • stores lipid energy reserves
A

greater omentum

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34
Q
  • a mesentery associated with initial portion of small intestine and pancreas
  • fuses with posterior abdominal wall, locking structures in place
A

mesentery proper

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35
Q

a mesentery associated with a portion of the large intertine

A

mesocolon

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36
Q

_____ mesocolon supports transverse colon

A

transverse

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37
Q

____ mesocolon supports sigmoid colon

A

sigmoid

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38
Q

mesocolon fuses to the dorsal body wall and stablizes ___, ____, ____.

A

ascending colon
descending colon
rectum

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39
Q
  • consists of many folds which increase surface area for absorption
  • longitudinal folds disappear as it fills
  • permanent transverse folds (pilcae circulares) don’t flatten out
A

lining of the digestive tract

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40
Q

four major layers of the digestive tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

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41
Q
  • thin inner lining of digestive tract

- mucous membrane consisting of epithelium and lamina proproa

A

mucosa

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42
Q

epithelium moistened by ____ secretions

A

glandular

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43
Q
  • layer of dense, irregular connective tissue
  • surrounds muscularis mucosae
  • has large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
  • may contain exocrine glands
    • secrete buffers and enzymes into digestive tract
A

submucosa

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44
Q
  • dominated by smooth muscle cells that are arranged in inner circular later and outer longitudinal layer
  • involved in processing and movement of materials along digestive tract
A

muscularis externa

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45
Q
  • comprised of serous membrane covering muscilaris externa

- exists throughout the tract except in oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and rectum

A

serosa

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46
Q

once food enters your mouth, it is called a

A

bolus

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47
Q

two mechanisms for moving material through digestive tract

A

peristalsis

segmentation

48
Q

peristalsis

A

consists of waves of muscular contractions

49
Q
  • thin inner lining of digestive tract

- mucous membrane consisting of epithelium and lamina proproa

A

mucosa

50
Q

epithelium moistened by ____ secretions

A

glandular

51
Q
  • layer of dense, irregular connective tissue
  • surrounds muscularis mucosae
  • has large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
  • may contain exocrine glands
    • secrete buffers and enzymes into digestive tract
A

submucosa

52
Q
  • dominated by smooth muscle cells that are arranged in inner circular later and outer longitudinal layer
  • involved in processing and movement of materials along digestive tract
A

muscularis externa

53
Q
  • comprised of serous membrane covering muscilaris externa

- exists throughout the tract except in oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and rectum

A

serosa

54
Q

once food enters your mouth, it is called a

A

bolus

55
Q

two mechanisms for moving material through digestive tract

A

peristalsis

segmentation

56
Q

peristalsis

A

consists of waves of muscular contraction

57
Q

segmentation

A

the mixing of contents with intestinal secretions

58
Q

-three steps of peristaltic motion

circular muscles contract behind bolus while circular muscles ahead of bolus _____.

A

contract

59
Q

-three steps of peristaltic motion

longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus contract, ____ the adjacent segments

A

shortening

60
Q

wave of contraction in circular muscles forces bolus ____.

A

forward

61
Q

does not push materials of bolus in any one direction

A

segmentation

62
Q

cycles of contraction in the small intestine and some portions of the large intestine ___ and ___ the bolus and ___ the contents with intestinal secretions

A

churn and fragment; mix

63
Q

digestive functions are regulated by

A

neural mechanisms
hormonal control
local control

64
Q

two reflexed involved in the neural control of digestion

A

short and long reflexes

65
Q

short reflexes control ___ segments of the digestive tract

A

small (few cm.)

66
Q
  • involve higher level of control of digestive and glandular activities
  • control large scale peristaltic waves (move material from one region of the tract to another)
A

long reflexes

67
Q

hormonal control

A
  • at least 18 peptide hormones that affect digestive function
  • are produced by enteroendocrine cells in digestive tract
  • reach target organ after distribution in bloodstream
68
Q
  • affect only a portion of the tract
  • prostaglandins, histamine and other chemicals released into interstitial fluid, and affect a small segment of digestive tract
  • function in coordinating responses to changing conditions
A

local control

69
Q

the initial sensory analysis of material before swallowing

A

oral cavity

70
Q

through actions of teeth, tongue, and palatal surfaces

A

mechanical processing

71
Q

bolus mixing with mucus and salivary glad secretions

A

lubrication

72
Q

limited digestion of _____ and _____.

A

carbohydrates and lipids

73
Q

components of the oral cavity

A

oral mucosa
labia (lips)
vestibule
gingivae (gums)

74
Q
  • lining of oral cavity
  • composed of stratified squamos epithelium
  • makes up the epithelial lining of cheeks, lips, and inferior surface of tongue
  • thin, non-keratinized, and delicate
A

oral mucosa

75
Q

continuous with mucosa of each cheek

A

labia (lips)

76
Q

space between the lips and teeth

A

vestibule

77
Q
  • ridges of oral mucosa

- surround the base of each tooth

A

gingivae (gums)

78
Q

manipulates material inside the mouth

A

tongue

79
Q

functions of the tongue

A
  • mechanical processing
  • manipulation
  • sensory analysis
  • secretion of mucins (protiens) and the enzyme lingual lipase
80
Q

compression, abrasion, and distortion

A

mechanical processing

81
Q

assist in chewing and to prepare material for swallowing

A

manipulation

82
Q

touch, temperature, and taste receptors

A

sensory analysis

83
Q
  • each pair has distinctive cellular organization

- and each produces saliva with different properties

A

pairs of salivary glands

84
Q

three pairs of salivary glands

A
  • parotid salivary glands
  • sublingual salivary glands
  • submandibular salivary glands
85
Q
  • inferior to zygomatic arch (cheek bone)
  • produce secretions containing the enzyme salivary amylase (breaks down starches)
  • secretions eventually drain into parotid duct
A

parotid salivary glands

86
Q
  • located in floor of the mouth
  • produce mucous secretions that act as buffers and lubricants
  • secretions drain into sublingual ducts
A

sublingual salivary glands

87
Q
  • in floor of the mouth within mandibular groove
  • secrete buffers, glycoprotiens (mucins), and salivary amylase
  • drain into submandibular glands
A

submandibular salivary glands

88
Q

produce 1.0 to 1.5 L of saliva each day
___% by submandibular glands
___% by parotids
___% by sublingual glands

A

70
25
5

89
Q

saliva made up of ___% water and ___% electrolytes, buffers, ect.

A
  1. 4

0. 6

90
Q

functions of saliva

A
  • lubricating
  • moistening
  • stimulate taste buds
  • initiating digestion of complex carbohydrates by the enzyme salivary amylase
91
Q

salivary secretions:

parasympathetic stimulation is to

A

accelerate secretions by all salivary glands

92
Q

basic structure of teeth

A

dentin
pulp cavity
root
crown

93
Q

dentin

A
  • a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone

- does not contain cells

94
Q

-received blood vessels and nerved through the root canal

A

pulp cavity

95
Q
  • of each tooth sits in a bony socket (alveolus)

- a layer of cementum covers the dentin of it providing protection and anchoring periodontal ligament

A

root

96
Q
  • exposed portion of the tooth

- includes the dentin covered by layer of enamel

A

crown

97
Q

four types of teeth

A

incisors
cuspids (canines)
bicuspids (premolars)
molars

98
Q
  • blade shaped teeth
  • located at front of mouth
  • used for clipping, cutting
  • have a single root
A

incisors

99
Q
  • conical
  • pointed tip
  • used for tearing and slashing
  • have a single root
A

cuspids (canines)

100
Q
  • flattened crowns
  • prominent ridges
  • used to crush, mash, and grind
  • have one or two roots
A

bicuspids (premolars)

101
Q
  • very large, flat crowns
  • prominent ridges
  • used for crushing, grinding
  • have three or more roots
A

molars

102
Q
  • 2 incisors
  • 1 cuspid
  • 2 deciduous molars
A

primary dentition or deciduous teeth

103
Q

-32 total
2 incisors
1 cuspid
5 molars

A

secondary dentition or permanent dentition

104
Q
  • an anatomical space that serves as a passageway for solid food, liquid, and air
  • main function is to initiate swallowing
A

the pharynx

105
Q

3 muscles involved in the swallowing process

A
  • pharyngeal constrictor muscles
  • palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus muscles
  • palatal muscles
106
Q

pushes food toward the esophagus

A

pharyngeal constrictor muscles

107
Q

elevates the larynx

A

palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus muscles

108
Q

elevate the soft palate and adjacent portions of the pharyngeal wall

A

palatal muscles

109
Q
  • hollow, muscular tube
  • about 25 cm long and 2 cm wide
  • conveys solid food and liquids to the stomach
A

the esophagus

110
Q

wall of esophagus has three layers

A

mucosal
submucosal
muscularis (muscularis mucosae and externa)

111
Q

three phases of swallowing

A

buccal
pharyngeal
esophageal

112
Q
  • bolus is compressed against hard palate
  • tongue retracts and forces bolus into oropharynx
  • soft palate is elevated, thereby sealing off the nasopharynx
  • strictly voluntary
A

buccal phase

113
Q
  • bolus stimulates tactile receptors in palate and uvula
  • receptors sent information to swallowing center in brain
  • motor neurons signal pharyngeal muscles to contract
  • larynx elevated, epiglottis folds (closing off glottis)
  • bolus passes the closed glottis
  • uvula and soft palate block nasopharynx
A

pharyngeal phase

114
Q
  • pharyngeal muscles force bolus into the esophagus
  • peristaltic waves push the bolus toward the stomach
  • lower esophageal sphincter opens to allows bolus into the stomach
A

esophageal phase

115
Q

at end of swallowing, the bolus enters the ____ and becomes very ___ and is now referred to as Chyme

A

stomach; acidic

BIO 181-171 (12 decks)

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