The Gallbladder: 9-06-13 (BIO181) Flashcards
1
Q
- pear shaped muscular sac
- located in indentation of liver’s right lobe
- stores and concentrates bile prior to excretion into the small intestine
- releases bile into the duodenum
A
the gallbladder
2
Q
regions of the gallbladder
A
fundus
body
neck
3
Q
extends from gallbladder until it joins with the common hepatic duct and forms the common bile duct
A
cystic duct
4
Q
full gallbladder contains ___-___ mL of bile
A
40-70
5
Q
- the composition of bile is gradually changed in the gallbladder
- water is absorbed
- bile salts and solutes become concentrated
A
bile modification
6
Q
regulatory mechanisms center around ___ where acids are neutralized and enzymes added
A
duodenum
7
Q
___ and ___ mechanisms coordinate activities of digestive glands
A
neural; hormonal
8
Q
- motor neurons synapse onto the digestive tract and release neurotransmitters
- prepare digestive tract for activity
- inhibit gastrointestinal activity
- coordinate movement of materials along the digestive tract
A
neural mechanisms
9
Q
-intestinal tract secrets peptide __ that work at several regions of digestive tract and in the accessory glandular organs
A
hormones
10
Q
___ ____ cells produce several hormones that work to coordinate digestive functions
A
duodenal enteroendocrine
11
Q
- is released when chyme enters the duodenum
- increases secretion of bile and buffers by the liver ans pancreas
A
secretin
12
Q
- secreted in duodenum when chyme contains lipids and partially digested proteins
- accelerates pancreatic production and secretion of digestive enzymes
- relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter and gallbladder to eject bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum
A
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
13
Q
- is secreted when fats and carbohydrates enter small intestine
- slows things down
A
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
14
Q
- stimulates secretion of intestinal glands
- dilates regional capillaries
- inhibits acid production in stomach
A
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
15
Q
- secreted by g cells in duodenum when incompletely digested proteins are exposed
- promotes stomach mobility
- stimulates the production of acids and enzymes
A
gastrin
16
Q
- released when chyme enters the small intestine
- stimulates mucin production by submucosal glands of duodenum
A
enterocrinin
17
Q
it takes about _ ____ for materials to pass from the duodenum to end of ileum
A
5 hours
18
Q
- Movements of the ___ increases absorptive effectiveness
- stir and mix intestinal contents
- constantly change environment around epithelial cells
A
mucosa
19
Q
- horseshoe shaped
- extends from end of ileum to anus
- lies inferior to stomach and liver
- frames the small intestine
A
the large intestine
20
Q
- pouch like first portion of the large intestine
- receives material arriving from the ileum
- stores material and begins compaction
A
cecum
21
Q
- a slender, hollow appendage that is attached to the cecum
- dominated by lymphoid nodules
- immune response
A
appendix
22
Q
- has a larger diameter and thinner wall than small intestine
- walls form series of pouches (haustra) that permit expansion and elongation
A
colon
23
Q
- forms the last 15cm (6in) of digestive tract
- expandable organ for temporary storage of feces
- movement of fecal material into it triggers urge to defecate
A
rectum
24
Q
- the ___ ____ is the last portion of the rectum
- contains small logitudinal folds called anal columns
A
anal canal
25
- also called the anal orifice
| - exit of anal canal
anus
26
- circular muscle layer of muscularis externa
| - has smooth muscle cells that are INVOLUNTARY
internal anal sphincter
27
- encircles distal portion of anal canal
| - a ring of skeletal muscle fibers that are VOLUNTARY
external anal sphincter
28
-less than __% of nutrient absorption occurs in the large intestine
10
29
bile salts are reabsorbed in the ___ and then transported back to the liver for secretion into bile
cecum
30
- required by liver for synthesizing clotting factors
| - fat soluble
vitamin K
31
- important in glucose metabolism (for energy)
| - water soluble
biotin
32
- required in manufacture of steroid hormones and some neurotransmitters
- water soluble
B5
33
-reabsorption of water
-compaction of intestinal contents into feces
-storage of fecal material prior to deification
all happen in the __ ___.
large intestine
34
-bacteria in the ___ ___ convert biliruben to substances that can ultimately be excreted
large intestine
35
bacteria break down ___ in feces and generate ammonia, nitrogen compounds, and hydrogen sulfide
peptides
36
bacteria feed on indigestible ____ to produce intestinal gas
carbohydrates
37
___ and ___ reflexes move material into the cecum while you eat
gastroileal; gastroenteric
38
movement from the cecum to transverse colon is very ___
slow
39
waves of muscular contractions move material along length of the entire colon
peristaltic waves
40
mix contents of adjacent haustra
segmentation
41
- powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day
- movement form transverse colon through rest of large intestine
- ultimately force feces into the rectum
mass movement
42
distension of the rectal wall triggers defecation reflex, which is ____
involuntary
43
-triggers peristaltic contractions in rectum
short reflex
44
stimulates mass movements
long reflex
45
rectal stretch receptors also trigger two reflexes important to __ control of defication
voluntary
46
- mediated by parasympathetic innervation in pelvic nerves
| - causes relaxation of internal anal sphincter
a long reflex
47
- motor commands carried by puudendal nerves
| - stimulates contraction of external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)
a somatic reflex
48
___, ___ and ___ are large organic molecules that must be digested before absorption can occur
carbohydrates, protiens, and lipids
49
__,__, and ___ can be absorbed without digestion or processing
water, electrolytes, and vitamins
50
salivary glands, tongue, stomach, and the pancreas secrete ___ ___ taht are crucial in digestion
digestive enzymes
51
break down simple sugars
carbohydrases
52
break down amino acids
proteases
53
seperate fatty acids from glycerides
lipases
54
brush boarder enzymes break nucleotides into
sugars, phosphates, nitrogenous bases
55
only ___ can be absorbed into the bloodstream
monosaccharides
56
____ and ___ have to be broken down into _____ so they can be absorbed
disaccharides and trisaccharides; monosaccharides
57
carbohydrate digestion states in the ___ via salivary amylase
mouth
58
carb digestion continues in the ___ ___ via pancreatic amylase and continues the digestion of polysaccharides into disaccharides
small intestine
59
digestion of carbs into ____ is completed by brush border enzymes in the small intestine
monosacchardies
60
once carbs have been digested to monosaccharides, they can be absorbed by ___ cells lining intestinal villi
epithelial
61
amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides are all products of ___ ___.
protein digestion
62
protiens are digested by
proteases
63
protein digestion begins in the
stomach
64
enzyme that digests protein
pepsin
65
pepsinogen is converted to the active pepsin by the acid in the ___
stomach
66
___ cells secrete inactive pepsinogen
chief
67
__ cells secrete HCl
parietal
68
the enzymes ___, ___, and ___ are all involved in protein digestion in the small intestine along with brush border enzymes
trypsin; chymotrypsin; carbozypeptidase
69
___ secretes typsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and procatboxypeptidase
pancreas
70
___ ___ enzymes convert trypsinogen to trypsin
brush border
71
trypsin then activates ___ and ___
chymotrypsin; carboxypepidase
72
__ and __ break up amino acids
trypsin; chymotrypsin
73
___ and __ __ ___ complete protein digestion
carboxypepidase; brush border enzymes
74
once protiens are digested, __ ___ are actively transported into intestinal cells, where they are diffused into the blood
amino acids
75
lipids are not __ soluble
water
76
lipid form huge __ __ on the surface of chyme
fat droplets
77
enzymes of digestion
lipases
78
lipases can only act on molecules near __ of fat droplet
edge
79
____ ____ increase surface area of droplets by breaking large fat droplets into smaller ones that is called ____.
bile salts; emulsificaiton
80
lipid digestion stats in the mouth with ___ ___
lingual lipase
81
lipid digestion continues in the stomach with lingual lipase and ____ ____
gastric lipase
82
___ ___ takes over in the small intestine, but cannot complete digestion
pancreatic lipase
83
bile salts act on these droplets in the ___
duodenum
84
bile salts are ___ molecules
amphipathic
85
bile salts have one ___ side and one ___ side
polar; non-polar
86
when bile salts come into contact with a fat globule, their _____ side faces toward the fat droplet
hydrophobic
87
monoglycerides and fatty acids are then secreted into the interstitial fluid via ___. then enters the lymphatic system via ___. and then carried to the blood stream
exocytosis; lacteals
88
2 liters of water are taken into the GI tract and another __ from digestive organ secretions to be reabsorbed
7
89
___ cannot actively absorb or secrete water
cells
90
- vitamin A,D,E,K
| - absorbed by epithelial cells in parallel with lipids
fat soluble vitamins
91
- especially B12
| - absorbed via active transport or facilitated diffusion
water soluble vitamins
