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BIO 181-171 > The Gallbladder: 9-06-13 (BIO181) > Flashcards

The Gallbladder: 9-06-13 (BIO181) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • pear shaped muscular sac
  • located in indentation of liver’s right lobe
  • stores and concentrates bile prior to excretion into the small intestine
  • releases bile into the duodenum
A

the gallbladder

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2
Q

regions of the gallbladder

A

fundus
body
neck

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3
Q

extends from gallbladder until it joins with the common hepatic duct and forms the common bile duct

A

cystic duct

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4
Q

full gallbladder contains ___-___ mL of bile

A

40-70

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5
Q
  • the composition of bile is gradually changed in the gallbladder
  • water is absorbed
  • bile salts and solutes become concentrated
A

bile modification

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6
Q

regulatory mechanisms center around ___ where acids are neutralized and enzymes added

A

duodenum

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7
Q

___ and ___ mechanisms coordinate activities of digestive glands

A

neural; hormonal

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8
Q
  • motor neurons synapse onto the digestive tract and release neurotransmitters
  • prepare digestive tract for activity
  • inhibit gastrointestinal activity
  • coordinate movement of materials along the digestive tract
A

neural mechanisms

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9
Q

-intestinal tract secrets peptide __ that work at several regions of digestive tract and in the accessory glandular organs

A

hormones

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10
Q

___ ____ cells produce several hormones that work to coordinate digestive functions

A

duodenal enteroendocrine

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11
Q
  • is released when chyme enters the duodenum

- increases secretion of bile and buffers by the liver ans pancreas

A

secretin

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12
Q
  • secreted in duodenum when chyme contains lipids and partially digested proteins
  • accelerates pancreatic production and secretion of digestive enzymes
  • relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter and gallbladder to eject bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum
A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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13
Q
  • is secreted when fats and carbohydrates enter small intestine
  • slows things down
A

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

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14
Q
  • stimulates secretion of intestinal glands
  • dilates regional capillaries
  • inhibits acid production in stomach
A

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

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15
Q
  • secreted by g cells in duodenum when incompletely digested proteins are exposed
  • promotes stomach mobility
  • stimulates the production of acids and enzymes
A

gastrin

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16
Q
  • released when chyme enters the small intestine

- stimulates mucin production by submucosal glands of duodenum

A

enterocrinin

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17
Q

it takes about _ ____ for materials to pass from the duodenum to end of ileum

A

5 hours

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18
Q
  • Movements of the ___ increases absorptive effectiveness
  • stir and mix intestinal contents
  • constantly change environment around epithelial cells
A

mucosa

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19
Q
  • horseshoe shaped
  • extends from end of ileum to anus
  • lies inferior to stomach and liver
  • frames the small intestine
A

the large intestine

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20
Q
  • pouch like first portion of the large intestine
  • receives material arriving from the ileum
  • stores material and begins compaction
A

cecum

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21
Q
  • a slender, hollow appendage that is attached to the cecum
  • dominated by lymphoid nodules
  • immune response
A

appendix

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22
Q
  • has a larger diameter and thinner wall than small intestine
  • walls form series of pouches (haustra) that permit expansion and elongation
A

colon

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23
Q
  • forms the last 15cm (6in) of digestive tract
  • expandable organ for temporary storage of feces
  • movement of fecal material into it triggers urge to defecate
A

rectum

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24
Q
  • the ___ ____ is the last portion of the rectum

- contains small logitudinal folds called anal columns

A

anal canal

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25
Q
  • also called the anal orifice

- exit of anal canal

A

anus

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26
Q
  • circular muscle layer of muscularis externa

- has smooth muscle cells that are INVOLUNTARY

A

internal anal sphincter

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27
Q
  • encircles distal portion of anal canal

- a ring of skeletal muscle fibers that are VOLUNTARY

A

external anal sphincter

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28
Q

-less than __% of nutrient absorption occurs in the large intestine

A

10

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29
Q

bile salts are reabsorbed in the ___ and then transported back to the liver for secretion into bile

A

cecum

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30
Q
  • required by liver for synthesizing clotting factors

- fat soluble

A

vitamin K

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31
Q
  • important in glucose metabolism (for energy)

- water soluble

A

biotin

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32
Q
  • required in manufacture of steroid hormones and some neurotransmitters
  • water soluble
A

B5

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33
Q

-reabsorption of water
-compaction of intestinal contents into feces
-storage of fecal material prior to deification
all happen in the __ ___.

A

large intestine

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34
Q

-bacteria in the ___ ___ convert biliruben to substances that can ultimately be excreted

A

large intestine

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35
Q

bacteria break down ___ in feces and generate ammonia, nitrogen compounds, and hydrogen sulfide

A

peptides

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36
Q

bacteria feed on indigestible ____ to produce intestinal gas

A

carbohydrates

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37
Q

___ and ___ reflexes move material into the cecum while you eat

A

gastroileal; gastroenteric

38
Q

movement from the cecum to transverse colon is very ___

A

slow

39
Q

waves of muscular contractions move material along length of the entire colon

A

peristaltic waves

40
Q

mix contents of adjacent haustra

A

segmentation

41
Q
  • powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day
  • movement form transverse colon through rest of large intestine
  • ultimately force feces into the rectum
A

mass movement

42
Q

distension of the rectal wall triggers defecation reflex, which is ____

A

involuntary

43
Q

-triggers peristaltic contractions in rectum

A

short reflex

44
Q

stimulates mass movements

A

long reflex

45
Q

rectal stretch receptors also trigger two reflexes important to __ control of defication

A

voluntary

46
Q
  • mediated by parasympathetic innervation in pelvic nerves

- causes relaxation of internal anal sphincter

A

a long reflex

47
Q
  • motor commands carried by puudendal nerves

- stimulates contraction of external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)

A

a somatic reflex

48
Q

___, ___ and ___ are large organic molecules that must be digested before absorption can occur

A

carbohydrates, protiens, and lipids

49
Q

__,__, and ___ can be absorbed without digestion or processing

A

water, electrolytes, and vitamins

50
Q

salivary glands, tongue, stomach, and the pancreas secrete ___ ___ taht are crucial in digestion

A

digestive enzymes

51
Q

break down simple sugars

A

carbohydrases

52
Q

break down amino acids

A

proteases

53
Q

seperate fatty acids from glycerides

A

lipases

54
Q

brush boarder enzymes break nucleotides into

A

sugars, phosphates, nitrogenous bases

55
Q

only ___ can be absorbed into the bloodstream

A

monosaccharides

56
Q

____ and ___ have to be broken down into _____ so they can be absorbed

A

disaccharides and trisaccharides; monosaccharides

57
Q

carbohydrate digestion states in the ___ via salivary amylase

A

mouth

58
Q

carb digestion continues in the ___ ___ via pancreatic amylase and continues the digestion of polysaccharides into disaccharides

A

small intestine

59
Q

digestion of carbs into ____ is completed by brush border enzymes in the small intestine

A

monosacchardies

60
Q

once carbs have been digested to monosaccharides, they can be absorbed by ___ cells lining intestinal villi

A

epithelial

61
Q

amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides are all products of ___ ___.

A

protein digestion

62
Q

protiens are digested by

A

proteases

63
Q

protein digestion begins in the

A

stomach

64
Q

enzyme that digests protein

A

pepsin

65
Q

pepsinogen is converted to the active pepsin by the acid in the ___

A

stomach

66
Q

___ cells secrete inactive pepsinogen

A

chief

67
Q

__ cells secrete HCl

A

parietal

68
Q

the enzymes ___, ___, and ___ are all involved in protein digestion in the small intestine along with brush border enzymes

A

trypsin; chymotrypsin; carbozypeptidase

69
Q

___ secretes typsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and procatboxypeptidase

A

pancreas

70
Q

___ ___ enzymes convert trypsinogen to trypsin

A

brush border

71
Q

trypsin then activates ___ and ___

A

chymotrypsin; carboxypepidase

72
Q

__ and __ break up amino acids

A

trypsin; chymotrypsin

73
Q

___ and __ __ ___ complete protein digestion

A

carboxypepidase; brush border enzymes

74
Q

once protiens are digested, __ ___ are actively transported into intestinal cells, where they are diffused into the blood

A

amino acids

75
Q

lipids are not __ soluble

A

water

76
Q

lipid form huge __ __ on the surface of chyme

A

fat droplets

77
Q

enzymes of digestion

A

lipases

78
Q

lipases can only act on molecules near __ of fat droplet

A

edge

79
Q

____ ____ increase surface area of droplets by breaking large fat droplets into smaller ones that is called ____.

A

bile salts; emulsificaiton

80
Q

lipid digestion stats in the mouth with ___ ___

A

lingual lipase

81
Q

lipid digestion continues in the stomach with lingual lipase and ____ ____

A

gastric lipase

82
Q

___ ___ takes over in the small intestine, but cannot complete digestion

A

pancreatic lipase

83
Q

bile salts act on these droplets in the ___

A

duodenum

84
Q

bile salts are ___ molecules

A

amphipathic

85
Q

bile salts have one ___ side and one ___ side

A

polar; non-polar

86
Q

when bile salts come into contact with a fat globule, their _____ side faces toward the fat droplet

A

hydrophobic

87
Q

monoglycerides and fatty acids are then secreted into the interstitial fluid via ___. then enters the lymphatic system via ___. and then carried to the blood stream

A

exocytosis; lacteals

88
Q

2 liters of water are taken into the GI tract and another __ from digestive organ secretions to be reabsorbed

A

7

89
Q

___ cannot actively absorb or secrete water

A

cells

90
Q
  • vitamin A,D,E,K

- absorbed by epithelial cells in parallel with lipids

A

fat soluble vitamins

91
Q
  • especially B12

- absorbed via active transport or facilitated diffusion

A

water soluble vitamins

BIO 181-171 (12 decks)

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