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BIO 181-171 > CH 28 Packet (BIO 181-171) > Flashcards

CH 28 Packet (BIO 181-171) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are gametes

A

the cells that are produced by each parent

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2
Q

What does it mean when we say that gametes are haploid

A

– Each gamete contains half of the genetic material of each parent
– n = a single set of 23 chromosomes

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3
Q

What is a zygote and it is diploid or haploid

A

the new cell that is produced from the combining of genetic material of the egg and sperm
– Zygotes are Diploid (46 chromosomes)
» 44 autosomes, 2 sex

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4
Q

Differentiate between the X an the Y chromosome

A
  • X chromosomes are found in males and females
  • Contains genetic material that is essential for life
  • Y chromosomes are found only in males
  • Contains genetic material that is essential for developing into male
  • Thus, every individual must inherit at least one X chromosome
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5
Q

What is gametogensis

A

Production of gametes from a pool of undifferentiated germ cells

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6
Q

Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis

A 
•	Mitosis = normal cell division
–	DNA replicated once
–	Cells undergo division once
•	Meiosis = cell division that produces gametes
–	DNA replicated once
–	Cells undergo division twice
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7
Q

What is the end result of meiosis II

A

4 new cells that contain single copies of 23 chromosomes

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8
Q

What are the basic components of the male and female reproductive systems

A
  • Gonads: organs that produce gametes and hormones
  • Ducts: receive and transport gametes
  • Accessory glands: secrete fluids into ducts
  • Perineal structures: collectively known as external genitalia
  • The Reproductive Tract: includes all chambers and passageways that connect the ducts to the exterior of the body
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9
Q

What are the gonads of the male and female and what are their function

A 
–	Male gonads: testes
–	Female gonads: ovaries
–	Gonads have two major functions
–	Produce gametes (sprematazoa and ova)
–	Secrete sex hormones
–	Testes secrete androgens
–	Ovaries secrete estrogens and progesterone
–	Although males have more androgens and females have more estrogens and progesterone, all of these hormones are found in BOTH sexes
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10
Q

What structures make up the spermatic cord

A 
–	Ductus deferens (Vas deferens)
–	Blood vessels
–	Nerves
–	Lymphatic vessels
-       Testis
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11
Q

What is the function of the semineferous tubules

A

sperm production

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12
Q

What are the two types of cells in the testis and what is their functions?

A

– between seminiferous tubules Leydig cells (interstitial cells) that Secrete testosterone
– Within seminiferous tubules are: Sertoli cells or Nurse cells (epithelial cells) that Support sperm development

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13
Q

Differentiate between the corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum

A
  1. The Corpora Cavernosa (Two large, cylindrical masses of erectile tissue)
    • Located under the anterior surface
    • Separated by thin septum
    • And surrounds a central artery
  2. The Corpus Spongiosum (Relatively slender erectile body that surrounds penile urethra)
    – Extends from urogenital diaphragm to tip of penis and expands to form the glans
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14
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

a fleshy pouch that houses the testes

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15
Q

What is the cremaster muscle and what is its function

A

– Is a layer of skeletal muscle deep into dermis
– Tenses scrotum and pulls testes closer to the body
– Important in temperature regulation (for sperm development)

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16
Q

Map out the pathway of spermatozoa starting from the semineferous tubules to the urethra

A

?

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17
Q

What are the functions of the epididymis?

A
  • Monitors and adjusts fluid that is produced by the seminiferous tubules
  • Recycles damaged spermatozoa
  • Stores and protects spermatozoa
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18
Q

What is capacitation?

A

when sperm become motile

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19
Q

What does it mean when we say that the spermatozoa are in a state of suspended animation?

A

?

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20
Q

What are the three male accessory glands?

A

– Seminal glands
– Prostate gland
– Bulbo-urethral glands

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21
Q

What are the four major functions of the male accessory glands?

A
  • Activating spermatozoa
  • Providing nutrients that spermatozoa need for motility
  • Propelling spermatozoa and fluids along the reproductive tract (Mainly by peristaltic contractions)
  • Producing buffers (To counteract the acidity of urethral and vaginal environments)
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22
Q

Which accessory gland produces most of the semen volume

A

• Seminal vessicles

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23
Q

How much semen volume does the seminal gland contribute

A

60%

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24
Q

What type of fluid is secreted by the bulbo uretheral gland and what is its function

A

– Secrete thick, alkaline mucus
– Helps neutralize urinary acids in urethra
– Lubricates the glans (penis tip)

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25
Q

What three hormones govern male reproductive function

A

– Gonadotropins
– Androgens (testosterone)
– Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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26
Q

Differentiate between the targets and the actions of LH and FSH

A

– Gonadotropins, FSH and LH are secreted by anterior pituitary and target the gonads (in response to GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus)
– FSH Stimulates sperm production (spematognesis) by acting on sertoli (nurse) cells
– LH Stimulates androgen (testosterone) secretion by acting on leydig cells

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27
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

– Suppresses secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus

– Inhibits FSH production by the anterior pituitary gland*

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28
Q

What is the most important androgen in males and what are its functions

A

– Stimulates spermatogenesis
– Affects CNS function
– Stimulates metabolism
• Establishes male secondary sex characteristics
• Maintains accessory glands and organs of male reproductive tract

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29
Q

What is spermatogenesis and where does it begin

A

– Is the process of sperm production

– Begins at outermost cell layer in the seminiferous tubules

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30
Q

What are the three integrative processes that are involved in spermatogenesis

A

– Mitosis = normal cell division
– Meiosis = cell division that produces gametes
– Spermiogenesis=Formation of MATURE sperm

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31
Q

Name the five cells that will be produced during spermatogenesis in their proper order, form least developed to most developed

A
  • Spermatogonia (stem cells) divide by mitosis to produce two daughter cells
  • Primary spermatocytes begin meiosis and form secondary spermatocytes
  • Secondary spermatocytes differentiate into spermatids (immature gametes)
  • Spermatids
  • Spermatozoa
32
Q

During spermatogenesis, what is happening during meiosis I

A

– Primary spermatocyte produces two secondary spermatocytes

– BOTH are haploid (Each has 23 chromosomes)

33
Q

What is happening during meiosis II of spermatogenesis?

A

– Each secondary spermatocyte produces two spermatids = for a total of FOUR SPERMATIDS
– All spermatids are Haploid (Each has 23 chromosomes)

34
Q

What is spermatogenesis and what is its end result

A

– End result of spermiation = Spermatids differentiate into mature spermatozoa (highly specialized cells)

35
Q

Where do the spermatozoa acquire motility

A

• Spermatozoa Acquire motility in the epididymis

36
Q

What are the major functions of the nurse (sertoli) cells

A
  • Maintain blood–testis barrier
  • Support mitosis and meiosis
  • Support spermiogenesis
  • Secrete inhibin
  • Secrete androgen—binding protein (ABP)
  • Secrete Müllerian—inhibiting factor (MIF)
37
Q

What is the function of inhibin that is secreted by the nurse cells?

A

• Pituitary production of FSH
• Hypothalamic secretion of GnRH
– The end result of the regulation of FSH and GnRH by Inhibin (Gives nurse cells feedback control of spermatogenesis)

38
Q

Describe what happens in the presence of the srY gene

A

– Testosterone AND Müllerian-inhibiting substance (MIS)
– These hormones stimulate development of Wolffian ducts and degeneration of Müllerian ducts → male reproductive structures

39
Q

Describe what happens in the absence of the srY gene

A

– Hormones are absent → causes Wolffian ducts regress, and Müllerian ducts develop → female reproductive structures

40
Q

Give three characteristics of the female reproductive system

A
  • Cyclic changes in activity
  • Restricted periods of fertility
  • Limited gamete production
41
Q

What are the three main functions of the ovaries

A

– Production of immature female gametes (oocytes)
– Secretion of female sex hormones (estrogens, progestins)
– Secretion of inhibin, which is involved in feedback control of pituitary secretion of FSH

42
Q

What are the structures of the female reproductive tract

A

uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

43
Q

What transports the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus

A

• Uterine Tubes

44
Q

Give some characteristics of the myometrium

A

– Smooth muscle
– Thickest layer
– Comprises 90% of uterine mass

45
Q

Which layer of the uterus contains the uterine glands

A

– Endometrium

46
Q

What are the functions of the vagina

A
  • Passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids
  • Receives spermatozoa during sexual intercourse
  • Forms inferior portion of birth canal
47
Q

What is the vulva and what structures make up the vulva

A 
–	Structures that comprise the external genitalia 
•	Mons pubis 
•	Labia majora/minora
•	Vestibule 
•	The Clitoris
48
Q

What is oogenesis

A

process of ova development from oogonia (undifferentiated germ cells)

49
Q

When does the process of meiosis begin in the female

A

in the first three months of embryonic life

50
Q

When is meiosis completed in the female

A

prior to ovulation

51
Q

Describe what is happening during the first three months of a female’s embryonic life

A
  • Oogonia (diploid) undergo mitosis to yield 2-4 million clones from which all ova are derived
  • Oogonia differentiate into primary oocytes
  • Primary oocytes begin meiosis I and replicate their DNA
  • At this point, meiosis stops and primary oocytes enter a state of suspended development called meiotic arrest
  • Primary oocytes remain in meiotic arrest until just before ovulation
  • Thus, at birth, a female’s eggs are in the form of primary oocytes in meiotic arrest: (state of suspended development)
52
Q

What does it mean when we say that the oocytes are in a state of meiotic arrest, and how long doe the oocytes remain in meiotic arrest?

A

state of suspended development

remain in meiotic arrest until just before ovulation

53
Q

At birth, what is the state of a female’s eggs?.

A

meiotic arrest

54
Q

With respect to oogenesis, what happens when a female reaches puberty?

A

When female reaches puberty, one primary oocyte per month continues to meiosis I

55
Q

What happens just prior to ovulation with respect to oogenesis and what is the end result

A

Just prior to ovulation, a primary oocyte completes meiosis I to yield two daughter cells possessing 23 replicated chromosomes each (n x 2)
•One daughter cell = secondary oocyte
•The other daughter cell = first polar body

56
Q

When does meiosis II occur in the female?

A

Meiosis II only occurs if the secondary oocyte is fertilized

57
Q

What does meiosis II yield when fertilization occurs?.

A

If fertilization occurs, meiosis II yields
•One ovum (which recieves most of the cytoplasm)
•One second polar body (which degenerates and dies)

58
Q

What is the total number of chromosomes of a fertilized egg?

A

46 chromosomes (2n)

59
Q

Differentiate between the ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle

A

• The Ovarian Cycle
– Includes monthly oogenesis
• The Uterine Cycle (or menstrual cycle)
– Is a repeating series of changes in the endometrium of the uterus

60
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle

A 
1. Follicular phase 
–	Menstruation → ovulation 
–	~14 days
2. Luteal phase 
–	Ovulation → before menstruation 
–	14 days
61
Q

Where in the ovaries would you find the developing oocytes?

A

cortex of the ovaries

62
Q

Name the fluid filled cavity that develops as the follicle continues to develop

A

antrum

63
Q

With respect to the ovarian cycle, what happens during ovulation?

A

• Wall of Graafian follicle ruptures during ovulation with respect to the ovarian cycle

64
Q

The ruptured follicle forms into what structure?

A

Ruptured follicle forms into the corpus luteum

65
Q

What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum?

A

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which prepares the uterus for pregnancy

66
Q

What happens after the degeneration of the corpus luteum

A

there is a decrease progesterone which leads to menstruation (end of luteal phase)

67
Q

The uterine cycle involves changes in which part of the uterus

A

endometrium

68
Q

What are the three phases of the uterine cycle? And how do they coincide with the phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

– Menstruation and proliferative phase
» Occur during ovarian follicular phase
– Secretory phase
» Occurs during ovarian luteal phase

69
Q

What happens during menstruation?

A

– Is the process of endometrial sloughing and shedding of the uterine lining

70
Q

When does the secretory phase of the uterine cycle begin, and what is happening during this phase?

A

– Endometrial glands enlarge, increasing rate of secretion
– Begins at ovulation and persists as long as corpus luteum remains intact
– Peaks about 12 days after ovulation
– Generally lasts 14 days

71
Q

When does the uterine cycle end?

A

• The Uterine Cycle ends when the corpus luteum stops producing stimulatory hormones

72
Q

What are the primary hormones involved in the female reproductive system

A 
–	GnRH
–	FSH
–	LH
–	Estrogen
–	Progesterone
–	Inhibin
73
Q

What is the end result of the LH surge in the female

A

LH surge causes ovulation

74
Q

What is the function of inhibin that is secreted by the developing follicles?

A

– Inhibits any further secretion of FSH

75
Q

What are the five functions of estrogen?

A
  • Stimulates bone and muscle growth
  • Maintains female secondary sex characteristics
  • Affects central nervous system (CNS) activity
  • Maintains functional accessory reproductive glands and organs
  • Initiates repair and growth of endometrium
76
Q

Describe the autonomic innervation that is occurring during erection and ejaculation in males.

A

– Erection = innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system
– Ejaculation = innervated by the sympathetic nervous system

77
Q

What is emission in the male sexual response?

A

– Neural activity starts to shift from parasympathetic control to sympathetic control

BIO 181-171 (12 decks)

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