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BIO 181-171 > CH 14: 9-27-13 (BIO181) > Flashcards

CH 14: 9-27-13 (BIO181) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

• The brain consists of six regions

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem – 3 parts
  • Mesencephalon
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
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2
Q
  • Largest part of brain
  • Controls higher mental functions
  • Divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres
  • Contains an outer surface layer of gray matter (neural cortex)
A

cerebrum (cortex)

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3
Q
  • Folded surface increases surface area
  • Elevated ridges (gyri)
  • Shallow depressions (sulci)
  • Deep grooves (fissures)
A

• Neural cortex (cerebral cortex)

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4
Q
  • Second largest part of brain
  • Coordinates repetitive body movements
  • Two hemispheres
  • Covered with cerebellar cortex
A

cerebellum

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5
Q
  • Located under cerebrum and cerebellum
  • Links cerebrum with brain stem
  • Two divisions (thalamus and hypothalamus)
A

• Diencephalon

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6
Q

• Relays and processes sensory information in diencephalon

A

thalamus

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7
Q

• Neural AND endocrine functions
– Hormone production
– Emotion
– Autonomic function

A

hypothalamus

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8
Q
  • Major endocrine gland
  • Connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum (stalk)
  • Acts as the interface between the nervous and the endocrine systems
A

• Pituitary gland (anterior and posterior)

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9
Q

brain stem 3 parts

A

mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata

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10
Q
  • Also called midbrain
  • Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes
  • Maintains consciousness
  • THIS IS THE SENSORY-MOTOR INTEGRATOR!
A

• Mesencephalon

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11
Q
  • Connects cerebellum to brain stem

* Is involved in somatic and visceral motor control

A

• Pons

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12
Q

• Connects brain to spinal cord
• Relays sensory information
• Regulates autonomic functions:
– heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion

A

• Medulla oblongata

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13
Q

• The CNS begins as a hollow

A

neural tube

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14
Q

• Throughout development, the_____ _____ (region that will become brain) expands

A

cephalic region

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15
Q

– Prosencephalon Will become

A

forebrain

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16
Q

mesencephalon will become

A

midbrain

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17
Q

rhombencephalon will become

A

hindbrain

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18
Q

• Prosencephalon and Rhombencephalon further differentiate into

A

secondary brain regions

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19
Q

• Prosencephalon differentiates into the _____ (which becomes cortex) and _____

A

Telencephalon; Diencephalon

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20
Q

mesencephalon changes the ____ during growth

A

least

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21
Q

• During development, the Neural tube encloses a _____

A

neurocoel (a fluid filled internal cavity)

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22
Q

• This Neurocoel expands to form _____ lined with ependymal cells

A

chambers (ventricles)

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23
Q

• Eventually, each cerebral hemisphere contains one large

A

Lateral ventricle

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24
Q
  • Ventricle of the diencephalon

* Lateral ventricles communicate with third ventricle via the interventricular foramen

A

• Third ventricle

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25
Q
  • Extends into medulla oblongata

* Becomes continuous with central canal of the spinal cord

A

• Fourth ventricle

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26
Q
  • Bones of the cranium
  • Cranial meninges
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
A

physical protection of the brain

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27
Q

blood brain barrier

A

biochemical isolation of brain

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28
Q
  • Protect the brain from cranial trauma

* Have three layers:

A

cranial meninges

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29
Q

• Inner fibrous layer (meningeal layer)
• Outer fibrous layer (endosteal layer)
• Venous sinuses are between the two layers
– Contain fluids and blood vessels
– Receives venous blood and delivers it to the jugular veins

A

dura mater of brain

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30
Q
  • Covers brain
  • Contacts epithelial layer of dura mater
  • Subarachnoid space: between arachnoid mater and pia mater
A

arachnoid mater of brain

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31
Q

• Attached to brain surface by astrocytes

A

pia mater of brain

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32
Q
  • Surrounds all exposed surfaces of CNS
  • Functions of CSF
  • Cushions neural structures
  • Supports brain
  • Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products
A

CFS

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33
Q

• Consists of specialized ependymal cells and capillaries:
– secrete CSF into ventricles
– remove waste products from CSF
– adjust composition of CSF

A

• Formation of CSF starts in the Choroid plexus

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34
Q
  • From choroid plexus
  • Through ventricles
  • To central canal of spinal cord
  • Into subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord
A

circulation of CSF

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35
Q

• extend through dura mater to superior sagittal sinus
• Clusters of these villi are called Arachnoid granulations
– Function in absorbing CSF into venous ciculation

A

• Subarachnoid space contains Arachnoid villi:

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36
Q
  • Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation
  • Formed by network of tight junctions between endothelial cells of CNS
  • Allows ONLY lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, and prostaglandins to diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord
  • Astrocytes control blood–brain barrier by releasing chemicals that control the permeability of endothelium
A

• Blood-Brain Barrier

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37
Q
  • Meninges stabilize brain in cranial cavity
  • Cerebrospinal fluid cushions and protects against sudden movement
  • CSF provides nutrients and removes wastes
  • Blood–brain barrier and blood–CSF barrier
  • Selectively isolate brain from chemicals in blood that might disrupt neural function
A

Brain Protection and Support Summary

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38
Q

• Supplies nutrients and oxygen to brain
• Arterial blood supply
– Delivered by internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
• Venous blood
– Removed from dural sinuses by internal jugular veins

  • When things go wrong = Cerebrovascular Disease
  • Disorders interfere with blood circulation to brain
  • Stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
  • Shuts off blood to portion of brain
  • Neurons die within minutes
A

blood supply to brain

39
Q
  • Is the largest part of the brain
  • Controls all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions (higher functions)
  • Processes somatic sensory and motor information
  • Gray matter
  • The exterior of the cerebrum and comprises the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
  • White matter
  • Comprises the interior of the cerebrum
A

the cerebrum

40
Q

• Gyri (ridges) and Sulci (grooves) of the neural cortex
• Increase surface area of the brain (and number of cortical neurons)
• Longitudinal fissure
• Separates the two cerebral hemispheres (right and left)
• Four Lobes
• Divisions of each hemispheres
Frontal - Parietal - Occipital – Temporal

A

Structures of the Cerebrum

41
Q
  • Central sulcus
  • Divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe
  • Lateral sulcus
  • Divides frontal lobe from temporal lobe
  • Parieto-occipital sulcus
  • Divides parietal lobe from occipital lobe
A

Sulci of the Cerebrum

42
Q

– Logic
– Analytical abilities
– Language

A

• Left brain specializations

43
Q

– Creativity

– Spatial perception

A

• Right brain specializations

44
Q
  • Boundaries are not distinct
  • Boundaries overlap
  • One region may have several functions
  • Certain functions cannot easily be assigned to a single region of the brain
A

• Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise

45
Q

• Connections within one hemisphere:
• arcuate fibers:
– short fibers that connect one gyrus to another
• longitudinal fasciculi:
– longer bundles that connect frontal lobe to other lobes in same hemisphere

A

• Association fibers

46
Q
  • Bands of fibers connecting two hemispheres:
  • corpus callosum
  • anterior commissure
A

• Commissural fibers

47
Q

• Link cerebral cortex with diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

A

• Projection fibers

48
Q
  • Also called cerebral nuclei

* Are masses of gray matter that are embedded in white matter of cerebrum

A

The Basal Nuclei of the Cerebrum

49
Q
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Globus pallidus
  • Putamen
A

• Structures of Basal Nuclei

50
Q
  • The subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone
  • The coordination of learned movement patterns (walking, lifting)
  • Inhibit unwanted movements
  • Selecting purposeful movements
  • Postural support
A

• Functions of Basal Nuclei

51
Q

separates motor and sensory areas of cerebrum

A

• Central sulcus

52
Q

– is the surface of precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
– Directs voluntary movements
• Pyramidal cells:
– are neurons of primary motor cortex

A

• Primary motor cortex:

53
Q

– surface of postcentral gyrus

– receives somatic sensory information (touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temperature)

A

• Primary sensory cortex:

54
Q
  • In the occipital lobe

* Information from sight receptors

A

• Visual cortex

55
Q
  • In the temporal lobe

* Information from sound receptors

A

• Auditory cortex

56
Q
  • In the temporal lobe

* Information from odor receptors

A

• Olfactory cortex

57
Q
  • In the frontal lobe

* Information from taste receptors

A

• Gustatory cortex

58
Q

• are connected to sensory and motor regions of the cortex
• Function in:
– Interpreting incoming sensory information
– Coordinating motor responses

A

Association Areas of the Cerebrum

59
Q

• Interprets input to primary sensory cortex (e.g., recognizes and responds to touch)

A

• Somatic sensory association area

60
Q

• Coordinates motor responses (learned movements)

A

• Somatic motor association area (premotor cortex)

61
Q

• Interprets activity in visual cortex

A

• Visual association area

62
Q

• Monitors auditory cortex

A

• Auditory association area

63
Q
  • Part of the Premotor Cortex
  • Controls learned eye movements
  • Controls the ability to perform Saccadic Eye Movements or Saccades
A

• Frontal Eye Field

64
Q
  • Are located in lobes and cortical areas of both cerebral hemispheres
  • Receive information from association areas
  • Direct complex motor functions or analytical activities
A

Integrative Centers of the Cerebrum

65
Q
  • Located in the left hemisphere
  • Receives information from all sensory association areas
  • Functions in the ability to understand language or visual information
A

• General Interpretive Area ( Wernicke’s Area)

66
Q
  • Is also in left hemisphere and is associated with general interpretive (wernicke) area
  • Coordinates all vocalization functions and the ability to construct speech
A

• Speech center (Brocca’s Area)

67
Q
  • Integrates information from all sensory association areas

* Performs abstract intellectual activities (e.g., predicting consequences of actions)

A

• Prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe

68
Q
  • Adjusts postural muscles
  • Fine-tunes conscious and subconscious movements
  • Structures of the cerebellum
  • Folia
  • Surface of cerebellum
  • Highly folded neural cortex
  • Anterior and posterior lobes
  • Separated by primary fissure
  • Cerebellar hemispheres:
  • Separated at midline by the vermis
  • Purkinje cells
  • Large, branched cells
  • Found in cerebellar cortex
  • Receive input from up to 200,000 synapses
  • Arbor vitae
  • The internal white matter of cerebellum
  • Contains cerebellar nuclei that relay information to Purkinje cells
A

• Functions of the Cerebellum

69
Q
  • Damage from trauma or stroke
  • Intoxication (temporary impairment)
  • Disturbs muscle coordination
A

ataxia (cerebellum)

70
Q
  • Integrates sensory information and motor commands
  • Thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus
  • The pineal gland
  • Found in posterior epithalamus
  • Secretes hormone melatonin
A

The Diencephalon

71
Q
  • Filters ascending sensory information before it reaches the primary sensory cortex
  • KNOWN AS THE RELAY STATION
  • Relays information between basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
A

Diencephalon: The Thalamus

72
Q
  • Are masses of nuclei that form the thalamus
  • Relay sensory information to basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
  • FIVE groups of nuclei in total
  • Anterior group
  • Part of limbic system (emotions)
  • Medial group
  • Provides awareness of emotional states
  • Ventral group
  • Relays sensory information
  • Posterior group
  • Pulvinar nucleus (sensory)
  • Lateral geniculate nucleus (visual)
  • Medial geniculate nucleus (auditory)
  • Lateral group
  • Affects emotional states
  • Integrates sensory information
A

• Thalamic nuclei

73
Q
  • Just posterior to the Mamillary bodies which:
  • Infundibulum connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland
  • Functions of the Hypothalamus
  • Provides subconscious control of skeletal muscle
  • Controls autonomic function
  • Coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine systems
  • Secretes hormones
  • Produces emotions and behavioral drives
  • Stimulates the feeding center (hunger)
  • Stimulates the thirst center (thirst)
  • Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Controls circadian rhythms (day–night cycles)
A

The Diencephalon: Hypothalamus

74
Q
  • Also known as the midbrain
  • Start of the brainstem
  • Consists of two parts
A

Mesencephalon

75
Q
  • Two pairs of sensory nuclei
  • superior colliculus (visual)
  • inferior colliculus (auditory)
A

• Tectum (roof of the midbrain)

76
Q
  • Red nucleus (subconcious control of upper limbs and muscle tone)
  • Substantia nigra (regulates the basal nuclei)
A

• Tegmentum (floor of the midbrain)

77
Q
  • Allows communication between brain and spinal cord
  • Coordinates and controls complex autonomic reflexes and visceral functions
  • Consists of three groups of Nuclei
A

The Medulla Oblongata

78
Q 
•	Reticular formation 
•	Regulates autonomic functions
•	Reflex centers
•	Control peripheral systems:
•	cardiovascular centers:
–	cardiac center
–	control blood flow through peripheral tissues
•	respiratory rhythmicity centers
–	sets pace for respiratory movements
A

• Autonomic nuclei (2 types) The Medulla Oblongata)

79
Q

• Associated with 5 of 12 cranial nerves (VIII, IX, X, XI, XII)

A

• Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves

80
Q
  • Links cerebellum with most other brain regions
  • Contains the sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII
  • Nuclei involved with respiration
A

The Pons

81
Q
  • Process and relay information to and from cerebellum

* Ascending, descending, and transverse tracts

A

• Nuclei and tracts

82
Q

olfactory nerve (I)

A

sensory (smell)

83
Q

optic nerve (II)

A

sensory (vision)

84
Q

oculomotor nerve (III)

A

motor (eye movements)

85
Q

trochlear nerve (IV)

A

motor (eye movements)

86
Q

abducens nerve (VI)

A

motor (eye movements)

87
Q

trigeminal nerve (V)

A 
mixed nerve (to the face)
largest nerve in brain
88
Q

facial nerve (VII)

A 
mixed nerve (to the face)
has 5 branches
89
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII)

A

sensory

90
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX)

A

• Mixed (sensory and motor) to head and neck

91
Q

Vagus Nerves (X)

A

• Mixed (sensory and motor)

92
Q

Accessory Nerves (XI)

A

• Motor to muscles of neck and upper back

93
Q

The Hypoglossal Nerves (XII)

A

• Motor (tongue movements)

BIO 181-171 (12 decks)

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