The Spine Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three functions of the spinal cord?

A

sensory in from body to brain, motor from brain to body and controls reflexes

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2
Q

what is the spinal cord protected by?

A

meninges

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3
Q

what are meninges?

A

membranes that cover the spinal cord and brain

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4
Q

what are the layers of meninges?

A

Dura mater (leather like), subdural space filled with interstitial fluid, Arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space filled with CSF, pia mater (thin layer lining)

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5
Q

spinal cord in new born is from?

A

magnum foramen to L4

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6
Q

spinal cord in adult is from?

A

magnum foramen to L1

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7
Q

spinal nerve is composed of what two roots?

A

dorsal - sensory and ventral - motor

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8
Q

dorsal root gangion are composed of?

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons

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9
Q

what are the sensory tracts in the spinal cord?

A
  1. dorsal columns 2. spinothalamic tracts 3. spinocerebellar tracts
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10
Q

what is the dorsal column responsible for?

A

proprioception, vibration, pressure, two point discriminative, discriminative touch

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11
Q

what is the spinothalamic responsible for?

A

temperature, pain, deep pressure, crude touch

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12
Q

what is the spinocerebellar responsible for?

A

unconscious proprioception

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13
Q

what are the motor tracts in the spinal cord?

A

direct (pyramidal) pathway and indirect (extrapyramidal) pathway

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14
Q

what is direct (pyramidal) tract responsible for?

A

precise, voluntary movement

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15
Q

what is indirect (extrapyramidal) pathways responsible for?

A

programmed/automatic movement

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16
Q

what are intergrating centres?

A

found in CNS where sensory impulses are relayed to motor neurons

17
Q

what are flexes?

A

automatice responses to environmental change

18
Q

what type of reflexes are there?

A

stretch, tendon, cross extensor and flexor reflex

19
Q

what is stretch reflex?

A

mono synaptic reflex, to prevent over stretching

20
Q

what is tendon reflex?

A

when tendon stretches, muscle relaxes and antagonistic muscle contracts

21
Q

what is flexor reflex?

A

pain signal activates motor fibre and muscle group pulls away from pain

22
Q

what is cross extensor reflex?

A

occurs with flexor reflex, after limb pulls away, contralateral limb comes in place to maintain balance

23
Q

spinal nerves is branched from?

A

the spinal cord through intervertebral foramina

24
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

25
Q

how many spinal nerves are there is each category?

A

cervical 8, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacral 5, coccygeal 1

26
Q

what are plexus?

A

network of nerves

27
Q

what are the plexus of the body?

A

cervical (phrenic), brachial (ulnar, median, radial), lumbar (femoral), sacral (sciatic)

28
Q

significance of Cervical plexus

A

ventral rami of c1-c5, skin and muscles of head, neck and superior shoulders and chest - phrenic nerve phrenic nerve

29
Q

significance of Brachial plexus

A

ventral rami of c5 - T1, shoulders and upper limbs, roots from superior, middle and inferior trunk ulnar, medial, radial nerve

30
Q

significance of lumbar plexus

A

L1-L4, innervates abdominal wall, external genitals and anterior-medial thigh femoral nerve

31
Q

significance of sacral plexus

A

L4-S4, innervates buttocks, perineum and part of lower limb sciatic nerve

32
Q

what are dermatones?

A

area of skin that is supplied by 1 nerve, overlapping prevents loss of sensation if 1 nerve damage

33
Q

to induce local anesthetics

A

3 nerves needs to be blocked