sensory, motor and integrative systems

Question 1

what is the difference between sensation and perception?

Answer 1

sensation - conscious and unconscious awareness of any stimuli and perception is conscious awareness of interpretation of the meaning of the sensation

Question 2

sensory modalities are?

Answer 2

each receptor responds to only one kind of stimuli

Question 3

general senses include?

Answer 3

touch, vibration, temperature, pain

Question 4

proprioceptors are located in?

Answer 4

muscles and joints

Question 5

specialized senses include?

Answer 5

taste, smell, vision, hearing, light, equilibrium

Question 6

receptors of specialized organs responds to..

Answer 6

specific stimuli and are located in head

Question 7

what are the structures of general receptors?

Answer 7

free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings, separate sensory cells

Question 8

what is free nerve ending?

Answer 8

bare dendrites - light touch, tickle, pain, temperature, itch

Question 9

what are encapsulated nerve endings?

Answer 9

dendrites enclosed in connective tissue - pressure, deep touch, vibration

Question 10

what is separate sensory cells?

Answer 10

specialized cells that respond to stimuli - vision, taste, hearing, balance (involves 2 separate cells)

Question 11

what are the classification of general receptors by location?

Answer 11

exteroreceptor, interoreceptor, proprioceptors

Question 12

exteroreceptors is?

Answer 12

near surface, receives external stimuli; hearing, vision, touch, taste etc.

Question 13

interoreceptor is?

Answer 13

monitor internal environment usually unconscious unless pain or pressure

Question 14

proprioceptors is?

Answer 14

in muscles, tendons, joint and inner ear; senses body’s position and movement

Question 15

what are the classification of general receptors by the nature of stimulus detected?

Answer 15

mechanoreceptors (pressure/touch), thermorecptors (temperature), Nociceptors (tissue damage), photoreceptors (light/vision), chemoreceptors (specific molecules; taste, smell, ph change

Question 16

what is sensory adaptation?

Answer 16

less sensory to sustained stimulation

Question 17

smell, pressure touch adaptation is?

Answer 17

fast

Question 18

pain, body position adaptation is?

Answer 18

slow

Question 19

what are the somatic tactile sensations?

Answer 19

1. touch 2. pressure 3. vibration 4. itch 5. tickle

Question 20

what is touch tactile sensations?

Answer 20

crude touch, discriminative touch

Question 21

what is pressure tactile sensations?

Answer 21

sustained sensation over a large area

Question 22

what is vibration tactile sensations?

Answer 22

rapid, repetitive sensory signal

Question 23

what is itch tactile sensations?

Answer 23

chemical irritation of free nerve endings

Question 24

what is tickle tactile sensations?

Answer 24

stimulation of free nerve endings

Question 25

what is the temperature of cold receptors?

Answer 25

10 - 40

Question 26

what is the temperature of warm receptors?

Answer 26

32 - 48

Question 27

what is nociceptors?

Answer 27

pain receptors, free nerve endings in all tissue except for brain

Question 28

what are the types of pain?

Answer 28

chronic (slow-superficial and deep tissue) and acute (fast-supervisial only)

Question 29

what are the locations of pain?

Answer 29

1. superficial somatic pain(skin) 2. deep somatic pain (muscles, joint, tendons) 3. visceral pain (visceral organs)

Question 30

what are joint receptors?

Answer 30

raffini - pressure, pacinian - vibration

Question 31

what are the sensory pathways?

Answer 31

first order sensory neuron, second order sensory neuron, third order sensory neuron

Question 32

what is the first order sensory neuron responsible for?

Answer 32

receiving info from peripheral skin, joints, muscle and spinal cord, cell bodies in DRG -> brings in info into CNS

Question 33

what is the second order sensory neuron responsible for?

Answer 33

cell body in grey matter horn of spinal cord, carries into to thalamus

Question 34

what is the third order sensory neuron responsible for?

Answer 34

cell body in thalamus, carries into to primary sensory area

Question 35

where does the posterior column sensory pathway cross and go?

Answer 35

!. gets info from peripheral (skin, muscle, joint) brings into CNS 2. second order neuron crosses in medulla before travelling ipsilaterally to thalamus

Question 36

what are the two types of spinothalamus sensory tract pathway?

Answer 36

1. lateral 2. anterior

Question 37

what is significant about lateral spinothalamic tract?

Answer 37

in lateral funiculus - pain, temperature

Question 38

what is significant about anterior spinothalamic tract?

Answer 38

in anterior funiculus - crude touch, itch, tickle, bowel/bladder fullness, sexual sensation

Question 39

what are neurons called in the sensory pathway?

Answer 39

order neurons

Question 40

what are neurons called in the motor pathways?

Answer 40

upper/lower motor neurons

Question 41

what are upper motor neurons?

Answer 41

located in brain, cell bodies in brain in primary motor cortex extends to venral horn to LOWER MOTOR NEURONs

Question 42

what are lower motor neurons?

Answer 42

they are peripheral neurons with cell bodies in ventral horn, which extends to effectors

Question 43

if motor tract does not call in medulla it is called?

Answer 43

anterior corticospinal tract 10% - neck and trunk movement (ipsilaterally)

Question 44

if motor tract crosses in medulla it is called?

Answer 44

lateral corticospinal tract 90% - precise, skill movement (contralaterally)

Question 45

spastic paralysis is when...

Answer 45

there is damage in UMN, increases muscle tone, reflex still in tack , no voluntary movement - decreased muscle tone

Question 46

flaccid paralysis is when..

Answer 46

there is damage in LMN, no voluntary movement or reflexes

Question 47

damage to basal nuclei brings...

Answer 47

tremors, twitching

Question 48

cerebellum monitors what type o movement?

Answer 48

intentional movement - what the brain wants the body to do and compares what the body is actually doing = sends corrective signals to motor cortex