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Anatomy and Physiology1 > The brain and cranial nerves > Flashcards

The brain and cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

what is the brain important for?

A

emotions, memory, decision making, movement, sensation

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2
Q

the brain communicates via

A

spinal cord and 12 pr. of cranial nerves

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3
Q

what is the main parts of the brain?

A
  1. cerebellum 2. cerebrum 3. brainstem 4. diecephalon
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4
Q

what are the ventricles of the brain and its location

A

lateral ventricles (one in each cerebral hemisphere) third ventricle (medial to thalamus) fourth ventricle (between brain stem and cerebellum)

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5
Q

blood supply to brain branches from?

A

circle of willis

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6
Q

how much % of body weight is the brain?

A

2% and consumes 20% of oxygen and glucose blood flow to brain higher during neural activity

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7
Q

what are the protective coverings of the brain

A
  1. bone 2. CSF 3. meninges 4. dural partitions
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8
Q

what are dural partitions?

A

extensions of dura in deel fissures of the brain

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9
Q

what are the names of dural partitions in brian?

A

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli and tentorium cerebelli

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10
Q

what is blood-brain barrier?

A

brain capillary endothelial cells joined by tight junctions, continuous membrane, processes of astrocytes

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier?

A

prevent toxins and pathogens from getting to brain

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12
Q

what can cross BBB?

A

anesthetic, alcohol and glucose

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13
Q

what cannot cross BBB?

A

proteins, antibiotics

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14
Q

what is CSF?

A

colourless clear liquid that floats the brain and slows down movement, 80-150ml fills ventricles and surrounds CNS

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15
Q

what is the purpose of CSF?

A

protect brain, spin, transport nutrients and metabolic waste, provides stable chemical environment

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16
Q

what is the origin of CSF?

A

secreted from choroid plexuses, which are capillaries in ventricle walls that are covered by ependymal cells

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17
Q

what is the flow of CSF?

A

choroid plexuses - lateral ventricles - inter-ventricular foramen - third ventricle - cerebral aqueduct - fourth ventricle - sub arachnoid space

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18
Q

how is the CSF reabsorbed?

A

dural veneous sinus - arachnoid villi - sagittal sinus - transverse sinus - Jugular vein

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19
Q

what is the medulla oblongata?

A

continuation of spinal cord

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20
Q

what does the medulla oblongata contain?

A

ascending and descending tracts, pathways to and from cerebellum and nuclei of 5 spinal nerves

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21
Q

what is the medulla oblongata vital centre for?

A

cardiac center (force/rate of heart beat), vasomotor center (blood pressure), respiratory center (rate/depth of breathing)

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22
Q

what is the medulla oblongata also the center for?

A

coughing, sneezing, vomitting, swallowing, sweating, hiccuping

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23
Q

what is Pons?

A

bridge between midbrain and medulla, Cranial Nerve 5-7 come from

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24
Q

what is Pons responsible for?

A

controlling patterns of breathing

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25
where is the midbrain located?
between Pons and diencephalon, cranial nerve 3 and 4 come from
26
what is the midbrain responsible for>?
co-ordination of muscle movement, visual and auditory reflexes
27
what is the reticular formation?
diffused network of neurons in brain stem that helps regulate muscle tones
28
what is RAS and what does it do?
Reticular Activation System = regulates levels of consciuosness=== filters sensory info except for smell before it goes to thalamus, can be turned off and on by cerebrum. turned off at night to cut off from world only auditory info in and is decided if important or not by cerebrum
29
what does the cerebellum do?
automatic process center, compares motor commands with proprioceptors, maintains posture, muscle tone and balance, processes smooth, co-ordinated movement.
30
what is cerebellum peduncles?
attached cerebellum to brainstem
31
what are the parts of cerebellum peduncles?
superior cerebellum peduncles, middle cerebellum peduncles, inferior cerebellum peduncles
32
what is superior cerebellum peduncles responsible for?
involuntary movement to midbrain
33
what is middle cerebellum peduncles responsible for?
voluntary movement to pons
34
what is inferior cerebellum peduncles responsible for?
balance sensory info from midbrain
35
diencephalon contains...
thalamus and hypothalamus
36
significance about thalamus
forms lateral walls of ventricles, relays all sensory info except smell
37
where does thalamus get info from?
brainstem, spinal cord, cerebellum and basal nuclei
38
significance about hypothalamus
controls ANS, endocrine system and homeostasis
39
what does the hypothalamus control?
food intake, sexual responses, emotions (agression, rage, pain pleasure), sleep patterns, water and electrolyte balance, body temperature, heart rate, hormone secretion, sexual responses
40
folds on bain called?
gyrus
41
shallow grooves of brain called?
sulcus
42
deep grooves of brain called?
fissures
43
the division of the 2 hemispheres is called?
longitudinal fissure
44
what is at the end of lateral fissure?
INSULA
45
what is corpus callosum?
bundle of white matter connecting the 2 hemispheres
46
what is basal nuclei?
bundle of grey matter in cerebrum
47
what are the 3 cerebral tracts?
commissural, projection, association cerebral nuclei, limbic system
48
what is commissural tract?
connection between hemispheres
49
what is projection tract?
afferent fibers up to cerebral cortex or efferent fibers down from cerebral cortex
50
what is association tract?
connection of regions within a single hemisphere
51
what is cerebral nuclei?
input from entire cerebral cortex, regulates muscle tone , involved in automatic movement and cognition (thought)
52
what is the limbic system composed of?
amygdala and hippocampus
53
what is the limbic system?
controls emotional aspect of behaviour, links conscious intellect from cerebrum with unconscious automatic functions of midbrain
54
limbic system is involved with?
memory storage and recall
55
what is the primary motor area?
pre-central gyrus, controls voluntary motor movement of skeletal muscles; somatotopically organized
56
what does somatotopically organization mean?
each area of cerebral cortex corresponds to a specific area of the body
57
what is the distribution of the somatotopical organization of primary motor area?
amount of cortex is devoted to body parts that are proportionate to precise motor control = more to hands and face than to legs, arm, torso
58
what is the premotor area significant for?
learned, repetitive motor skills eg. driving car or signing name
59
what is the Broca's area?
frontal lobe near lateral sulcus mostly in left hemisphere, controls motors used in speech
60
pre frontal area is located
most anterior area in frontal lobe
61
prefrontal area is responsible for?
intellect, personality, conscious, abstract ideas, motivation, planning, goals, abstract ideas, judgement
62
where is olfactory area and what is it significant for?
medial temporal, inferior to frontal lobe, input from olfactory receptors, sensory area of brain
63
what is the primary sensory area?
area of brain where sensory info from skin and muscles proprioception is inputted located post central gyrus in parietal lobe
64
what is the distribution of the sensory function?
area proportional to sensitivity; somatotopically organized
65
where is the somatosensory association area and what is it significant for?
post primary sensory area, interpreting sensory info from past experiences
66
what is the gustatory area and where is it located?
tongue area of somatosensory cortex, receives sensory input from taste buds
67
what is primary auditory area?
receives impulses from ear, hearing
68
what is the auditory association area?
interprets auditory info; determines if noise, speech or music
69
what is Wernicke's area?
usually in left hemisphere, where language both written and spoken is understood
70
what is language association area?
verbal expression of emotion (tone), detection of emotion in speech
71
when language goes wrong it is called
aphasia
72
non-fluent aphasia is?
when you know what you want to say but you cannot form the words - brocas
73
fluent aphasia is?
when you can speak but connections dont make sense - wernickes
74
primary visual area?
impulses from eye
75
visual association area?
adjacent primary visual area, interprets visual input
76
what hemispheric lateralization?
inequality in hemisphere; 90% of pop, left dominates = math, reasoning, language

Anatomy and Physiology1 (15 decks)

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