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Anatomy and Physiology1 > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of muscle?

A

give movement, produce heat, gives shape, maintain posture, support other structures, regulate s organ volume

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2
Q

what is the name of muscle cells>

A

muscle fibers

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3
Q

what is epimysium?

A

surrounds entire muscle?

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4
Q

what are muscles a bundle of? surrounded by?

A

fascles, perimysium

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5
Q

within a fascle there are bundles of?

A

muscle fibers/muscle cells

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6
Q

what surrounds muscle fibers?

A

endomysium

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7
Q

what is the membrane of the muscle cell called?

A

sarcolemma

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8
Q

invagination of sarcolemma are called?

A

T tubules

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9
Q

sarcolemma is largely filled with?

A

myofibrils

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10
Q

what are glycogen?

A

energy storer of glucose

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11
Q

what are myoglobin?

A

oxygen

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12
Q

what stores Ca++?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

what are myofibrils?

A

sacs of sarcomers; used for contraction

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14
Q

what are sarcomers?

A

regions between z discs, filled with thick and thin myofilaments

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15
Q

which myofilament are thin?

A

I bands - light

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16
Q

which myofilament are thick?

A

A bands - dark

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17
Q

what types of muscle proteins are there?

A

contracting protein, regulatory protein and structural proten

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18
Q

what is contracting protein?

A

myosin, actin

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19
Q

what is regulatory protein?

A

troponin, ropomyosin

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20
Q

what is structural protein?

A

titin

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21
Q

what is thick filament?

A

myosin, held by m-line - doesnt move

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22
Q

what is thin filament?

A

actin, troponin, tropomyosin held by z disc

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23
Q

when muscle is relaxed what happens?

A

myosin binding sites on actin is covered by tropomyosin supported by troponin

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24
Q

what does titin protein do?

A

hold thick filament to z disc and m line

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25
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction?

A

where the nervous and muscle tissue meet

26
Q

mechanism of contraction

A

Ap travels down axon of motor nerve, Ach leased, binds to receptors along sarcolemma, which causes Na+ channels to open and creating AP along sarcolemma through T tubules, which causes Ca++ to be leased from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, which binds to troponin, which causes tropomyosin binding site to be exposed

27
Q

contraction cycle

A
  1. ATP attach to myosin - cock position - ADP + P 2. myosin head attached to actin - P released making bind stronger 3. ADP releases causing myosin to move back to original position, pulling thin filament towards m-line 4. ATP attached to myosin head, weakens bond, myosin detaches
28
Q

relaxation of muscle

A

AChE breaks down ACh, CA++ channel closes, Ca++ pumped back into Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, no more action potential, no more exposed binding site

29
Q

what are the 3 sources of ATP?

A
  1. creatine phosphate 2. anaerobic cellular respiration 3. aerobic cellular respiration
30
Q

what occurs in creatine phosphate?

A

ATP-ADP, phosphate to creatine=Creatine phosphate

31
Q

how long does creatine phosphate source last?

A

15 seconds

32
Q

what occurs in anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis-> glucose splits into 2 pyruvic acid and 2 ATP, if no oxygen pyruvic acid turns into lactic acid, which diffuse into blood and burns

33
Q

how long does anaerobic cellular respiration source last?

A

30-40 seconds

34
Q

what occurs in the aerobic cellular respiration

A

2 pyruvic acid from anaerobic cellular respiration and make 36 ATP in mitochondria if oxygen is available

35
Q

how long does the aerobic source last?

A

+30seconds, after 10 mins this is muscles 90% source of ATP

36
Q

what is muscle fatigue?

A

inability to contract forcefully after prolonged activity

37
Q

what is central fatigue

A

general feeling of tiredness

38
Q

what is muscle fatigue due to?

A

lack of creatine, too little Ca++ in sarcoplasm, lack of oxygen, increase of lactic acid and ADP, not enough ACh from motor neuron

39
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

10-15 to 3,000 muscle cells with one motor neuron

40
Q

unified contraction amongst muscle cells from one motor unit is calleD?

A

unison

41
Q

what is the average amount of cells to motor unit?

A

150

42
Q

what is a twitch contraction

A

1 motor unit, with a brief contraction due to a single action potential

43
Q

what is a myogram?

A

a graph of muscle contraction

44
Q

how long does an action potential lasts?

A

1-2 msec

45
Q

how long does a twitch contraction lasts?

A

20-200 msec

46
Q

what are the periods of twitch contraction?

A
  1. latent period 2. contraction period 3. relaxation period
47
Q

what occurs during latent period?

A

lasts 2msec, tension in filaments but no shortening, Ca++ released from SR

48
Q

what occurs in the contraction period?

A

lasts 10-100 msec, filaments slide closer to M-line

49
Q

what occurs in relaxation period?

A

lasts 10-100 msec, Ca++ actively back to SR

50
Q

what is wave summation?

A

after refractory period, before muscle can relax, muscle hit with stimulation again, second stimuli stronger

51
Q

what is unfused tetanus?

A

continuous stimulation with little relaxation between each stimuli, lasts about 20-30 times per second

52
Q

what is fused tetanus?

A

sustained stimuli with no relaxation between stimuli, lasts about 80-100 times per second

53
Q

what is the graded response of muscles?

A
  1. muscles fibers will contract maximally no matter if weak or strong signal 2.depends on how many muscle fibers stimulated or frequency of stimulation
54
Q

what is significant about muscle tone?

A

most muscles are partially contracted all of the time, not enough to move but ready to contract important for maintaining posture and blood pressure

55
Q

what types of whole muscle contraction are there?

A

isotonic and isometric

56
Q

what is isotonic whole muscle contraction?

A

actually causing movement in your body, shortening muscle

57
Q

what is isometric whole muscle contraction?

A

increasing muscle tension and force but no shortening on muscles

58
Q

what is significant about cardiac muscles?

A

striated banches which allows interactions between fibers, less SR, more sarcoplasm and mitochondria, contraction lasts 10-15 times longer

59
Q

what are the types of smooth muscle?

A

viscera and multiunit

60
Q

what is significant about viscera?

A

1 motor neuron to one cell, gap junction allows for interaction with other muscle cells

61
Q

what is significant about multiunit?

A

1 motor neuron with one cell, found in larger arteries, airways, arrector pili, iris, capillary body

Anatomy and Physiology1 (15 decks)

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