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NURX1003 > The Special Senses > Flashcards

The Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are special senses

A

Senses that have specialised organs devoted to them

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2
Q

Vision

A
  1. The eye
  2. Bright light - pupil constricts as circular muscles of the eye contract
  3. Normal light - pupil normal
  4. Dim light - pupil dilates as radial muscles of the iris contract
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3
Q

Hearing and balance

A

includes auditory and vestibular systems

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4
Q

Smell

A

The nose

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5
Q

Taste

A

The tongue

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6
Q

Touch

A
  1. Pressure
  2. Temperature
  3. Light touch
  4. Vision
  5. Pain
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7
Q

Proprioception

A
  1. The conscious and unconscious
  2. Awareness of joint position
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8
Q

Flow of tears

A
  1. Lacrimal gland
  2. Lacrimal ducts
  3. Surface of eyeball
  4. Superior or inferior lacrimal canal
  5. Lacrimal sac
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9
Q

Style

A
  1. A reddish, tender lump on the upper or lower eyelid caused by a staphylococcus abscess
  2. Treated by a warm compress or an antibiotic treatment
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10
Q

Conjunctivitis

A
  1. Inflammation of the conjunctiva
  2. Symptoms include redness, swelling and discharge
  3. Viral and bacterial causes are highly contagious
  4. Treatments include topical antibiotic eye drops
  5. Prevention aided by reducing hand eye contact
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11
Q

Glaucoma

A
  1. Caused by a build up of aqueous humour at the front of the eye
  2. Aqueous humour is normally produced by the ciliary and drained via the canal of Schelmm
  3. If build up occurs intraocular pressure rises with negative impact on the retina
  4. Causes include genetic, injections or use of corticosteroids
  5. Diagnosis may be undertaken by testing the response of the cornea directly or indirectly
  6. If untreated there may be a significant impact on peripheral vision
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12
Q

Astigmatism

A
  1. Irregular surfaces or pitting on either the cornea or lens will cause distribution to refraction and visual disturbance
  2. Contact lenses may be effective if the cornea is the cause but not if the lens is the cause
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13
Q

Myopia

A
  1. Near sightedness
    2.. focusing of images falls short of the retina
  2. Treated by using a concave disc
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14
Q

Hyperopia

A
  1. Far sighted
  2. Twice as common
  3. The image is focused behind the retina
  4. A convex lens used
  5. Laser surgery may also be used to reduce the thickness of the cornea or lens
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15
Q

Presbyopia

A
  1. Age related and brought ob out by a reduction in the elasticity of the lens
  2. The near point of focus moves further away from the eye
  3. May be corrected by use of lenses but as changes are progressive the lenses need to be reassessed
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16
Q

Cataracts

A
  1. Clouding lens
  2. Causes are unknown but links include congenital defects, trauma, toxins and ageing
17
Q

Muscular degeneration

A
  1. Reduction or loss of acute vision affecting the macular lutea, peripheral vision remains unaffected
  2. Obstructed blood flow is thought to be responsible
18
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A
  1. Affects 40% of pateints with type 1 diabetes within the first 3 weeks
  2. 20% of pateints with type 2 diabetes affected at the time of the diagnosis
  3. Caused by effects of diabetes on vascularisation
19
Q

External ear

A
  1. Auricle (pinna) - collects sound wave and channels them into the ear canal
  2. External auditory canal - collects sound waves and channels them into the ear canal
  3. Eardrum - vibrates when sounds hit it
20
Q

middle ear

A
  1. Auditory tube - equalise air pressure between the atmosphere and the middle ear
  2. Auditory ossicles - three ossicles connect the tympanic membrane to inner ear allowing for transmission of sound waves
  3. Oval window - transits the vibrations within the fluid - cover opening at upper part of the cochlea
21
Q

Internal ear

A
  1. Bony labyrinth - hearing and balance
  2. Membraneous labyrinth - contains sensory end organs, the organ of corti
  3. Organ of corti - transduction of auditory signals
  4. Organ of hearing - collects sound waves and channels them into ear canal
22
Q

Steps of hearing

A
  1. Sound waves enter enternal auditory canal
  2. Strike the eardrum
  3. Pass through the ossicles
  4. Strike the oval window
  5. Set up pressure waves in the perilymph
  6. Strike the vestibular membrane and scala tympani
  7. Increase the pressure in the endolymph
  8. Vibrate the basilar membrane and stimulate hair cells in the spinal cord
  9. The hair cells release neurotransmitter molecules that can initiate nerve impulses in sensory neurones
  10. Sensory neurones in the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve terminate in the medulla oblongata
  11. Auditory signs then pass to the midbrain, thalamus and temporal lobes
23
Q

Equilibrium

A

Most vestibular brand axons of the vestibulocochlear nerve enter the brain stem and terminate in the medulla, pons and the cerebellum

24
Q

Static equilibrium

A
  1. Orientation of the body relative to the pull of gravity
  2. The maculae of the urteile and sacule are the sense organs of static equilibrium
25
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

The maintain eye of body position in response to rotational acceleration and deceleration

26
Q

Hearing impairments - conductive hearing loss

A
  1. Ear wax
  2. Glue wax
  3. Ear infection
  4. Perforated ear drum
27
Q

Hearing impairments - sensorineural hearing loss

A
  1. Damage to the sensory cells
  2. Damage to the auditory nerve
28
Q

Olfaction - sense of smell

A
  1. The olfactory epithelium in the upper portion of the nasal cavity contains olfactory receptors, supporting cells and basal cells
  2. Individual olfactory receptors respond to hundreds of different odourant molecules by producing elderly cell signals that triggers one or more nerve impulses
  3. Axons of olfactory receptors from the olfactory nerves which convert nerve impulses to the olfactory bulbs and from there the impulses conduct via the olfactory tract to the limbic system, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex
29
Q

Olfactory impairments - dysosmia

A
  1. Dysfunction of the olfactory apparatus
  2. May include substances not stimulating the olfactory bulb
  3. Misinterpretation of odours or olfactory
30
Q

Gestation - sense of taste

A
  1. Receptors for gestation and gustatory receptor cells are located in taste buds
  2. To be tasted substances must be dissolved in saliva
31
Q

5 tastes

A
  1. Salty
  2. Sweet
  3. Sour
  4. Bitter
  5. Umani
32
Q

Where are impulses are triggered ?

A
  1. Face
  2. Glossepharyngeal
  3. Vagus cranial nerve
33
Q

Where do impulses that are tasted conduct to ?

A
  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Limbic system
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Thalamus
  5. Primary gustatory area in the partial love of the cerebral cortex
34
Q

Gustatory impairments

A
  1. Phantom taste perception
  2. Hypogeusia - reduced ability to taste
  3. Ageusia - loss of taste
35
Q

Chalazion

A
  1. Hard internal tension affects the secretion of oils that tears from evaporating
  2. Eyes become hard and cracked
36
Q

Dacrocystitis

A

Affects the nasolacrimal apparatus that produce and drains tears

37
Q

Uveitis

A
  1. Inflammation of the ciliary bone and iris
  2. Associated with a compromised immune system
  3. If the inflammation is in front of the lens the treatment consists of topical corticosteroids
  4. Administered intravenously in the lens

NURX1003 (24 decks)

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