The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Functions
A
- Protection
- Hematopoiesis
- Mineral homeostasis – calcium, phosphorus, carbonate, magnesium
- Support
- Assistance in movement
2
Q
The matrix structure
A
- Collagen fibres for flexibility and to size strength
- Calcium for rigidity
- Hydroxyapatite
3
Q
Types of bones
A
- Short bones – cube shaped and nearly equal in length and width, examples include most wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsal)
- Flat bones – generally thin, afford protection and provide extensive surfaces for muscle attachment. They include cranial bones which protect the brain, the sternum and ribs which protect organs in the thorax, scapulae. Develop from membrane models
- Irregular bones – have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any previous categories, these include the vertebrae and some facial bones
- Sesamoid – no shafts and extremities, include patella, vertebrae and some facial bones
- Long bones - Have a grater length than width and consists of a shaft and a variable number of ends. They are usually curbed for strength. Thigh (demur), lower leg (tibia and fibula), upper arm (humerus), forearm (ulna and radius), finger and toes (phalanges). Develop from cartilage models
4
Q
The axial skeleton
A
Consist of the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
5
Q
The appendicular skeleton
A
Consists of the shoulder girdle, with the upper limbs and the pelvic girdle with the lower limbs
6
Q
Bone cells
A
- Osteocyte - mature bone cells that maintain the bone
- Osteoblast - immature bone cells that lay the bone matrix
- Osteoclast - bone cells that reabsorb damaged or old bone tissue
7
Q
Types of bones
A
- Dense or compact bones - Arranged in units called osteons
- Spongy bones
8
Q
Spongy bone periosteum
A
- Fibrous outer covering of the bone
- Outer layer is dense, irregular connective tissue with nerves and blood vessels
- Inner layer - osteoblasts and anchored to bone by collagen fibres that penetrate into bone
9
Q
Growth and development
A
- Bones become thinner and weaker with age
- Reduction in bone mass occurs between 30 and 40 years
10
Q
Exercise and bone tissue
A
- When placed under stress, bone tissue becomes stronger through increased deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibres
- Without mechanical stress, bone does not remodel normally because resorption outpaces bone formation
- The absence of mechanical stress weakens bone through decreased numbers of collagen fibres and demineralisation, loss of bone minerals
11
Q
Fibrous joint
A
- The bones forming these joints are linked with tough fibrous material
- The joints of the skull the tooth, tibia and fibula are examples
- Limited amount of movement
12
Q
Cartilaginous joints
A
- These are formed by a pad of fibrocartilage a tough material that acts as a shock absorber
- There may be a limited amount of movement
13
Q
Synovial joints
A
- Are characterised by the presence of a space or capsule
- The ends of the bone are held together by a sleeve of fibrous tissue
- The capsule is lubricated by a small amount of fluid
- Many synovial joints are freely movable
14
Q
Articular or hyaline cartilage
A
The parts of the bone in contact are covered wiry hyaline cartilage which reduces friction, absorbs weight and compression
15
Q
capsule and capsular ligament
A
- The joint is surrounded by a sleeve of fibrous tissue
- It allows freedom of movement but strong enough to protect from injury
