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NURX1003 > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Breathing

A
  1. The process of taking air into and out of the lungs
  2. It is the gas exchange between the atmosphere and alveoli
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2
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Process by which gases flow between the atmosphere and the alveoli

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3
Q

External respiration

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and blood across the pulmonary membrane

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4
Q

Internal respiration

A
  1. (Process by which oxygen is supplied to the body cells to carry out vital functions)
  2. The body breaks down glucose in order to release energy
  3. Cellular respiration is the metabolic process by which organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and adenosine triphosphate
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5
Q

What controls breathing ?

A
  1. Pressure changes between lung and atmosphere
  2. Biochemical control
  3. Chemical control
  4. Neurological control
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6
Q

Boyle’s law

A

The pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container

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7
Q

Physics of breathing

A
  1. Air moves into the lungs when the pressure in the lungs is less than the atmospheric pressure
  2. Just before inspiration the pressure inside the lungs is equal to that of the atmosphere
  3. By increasing the volume the pressure inside the lungs decreases and air can flow in
  4. Air moves out the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is greater that the atmospheric pressure
  5. Breathing occurs through negative pressure
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8
Q

Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation

A
  1. Pleura
  2. Surface tension of alveoli
  3. Lung compliance
  4. Airway resistance
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9
Q

Surface tension - surfactant

A

It is a phospholipid produced by septal cells in the alveoli walls which reduces surface tension by forming a thin lining of the alveoli preventing them from collapsing and sticking together after expiration

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10
Q

surface tension without surfactant

A
  1. Alveoli 1 and 2 have equal surface tension
  2. 1 has a higher pressure
  3. 1 more likely to collapse and harder to inflate
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11
Q

Surface tension with surfactant

A
  1. 1 has less surface tension
  2. 1 and 2 have equal pressure
  3. 1 will inflate at a faster rate
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12
Q

Compliance

A
  1. Refers to the ease with which the lungs and the thoracic wall can be expanded
  2. Elasticity and surface tension
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13
Q

Mechanisms of inspiration

A
  1. Contraction of the diaphragm downwards
  2. Contraction of the chest elevating muscles upwards and outwards
  3. Expansion of the lungs
  4. Decrease in alveolar and pulmonary pressure
  5. Air flows in to re establish pressure gradient
  6. Inspiration
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14
Q

Mechanisms of expirtaion

A
  1. More passive
  2. Relaxation of inspiratory muscles
  3. Elastic recoils of chest walls and lungs
  4. Diaphragm relaxes
  5. Decrease in size of lungs
  6. Increase in pulmonary pressure
  7. Air flows out to re establish pressure gradient
  8. Passive expiration
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15
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

The medulla oblongata and PONS found within the brain stem re responsible for regulating the quantity and rate of gas exchange needed

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16
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  1. The MO controls the basic Rhythm of breathing
  2. Specialised neurone in the mo forms the inspiratory and expiratory area and controls inspiration and forceful expiration
17
Q

Medullary rhythmicity area - Inspiratory area

A
  1. During quiet breathing inspiration last for 2 seconds the intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve are used and at the end the inspiratory area becomes inactive and nerve impulses cease
  2. With no impulses arriving the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and allows passive elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall
18
Q

Medullary rhythmicity area - expiratory area

A
  1. These neurones remain inactive in passive breathing
  2. They become active in forceful breathing and causes contraction of the internal and intercostal and abdominal muscles which decreases the size of the thoracic cavity and causes forceful expiration
19
Q

PONS

A
  1. Specialised neurones in the pons influence the medullary neurones
  2. Two sets of neurones – apneustic centre and pneumotaxic centre
20
Q

Pneumotaxic centre

A

Continually transmits inhibitory impulses to the medulla to turn off the inspiratory area before the lungs become too full of air

21
Q

Apneustic centre

A
  1. It cooperates the transition between inspiration ad expiration
  2. This area sends stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolongs inhalation
  3. When the pneumotaxic area is active it overrides the apneustic area
22
Q

Hering Bruer reflexes

A
  1. Inflation and deflation reflexes that help regulate the rhythmic ventilation of the lungs thereby preventing overdiistension and extreme deflation
  2. These reflexes arise outside the respiratory center in the brain, that is the receptor sites are located in the respiratory tract mainly, in the bronchi and bronchioles
  3. The inflation reflex acts to inhibit inspiration and thereby prevents further inflation
  4. When the lung tissue is stretched by inflation the stretch receptors respond by sending impulses to the respiratory center which in turns slows down inspiration
  5. As the expiratory phase begins the receptors are mo longer stretched and impulses are no longer sent and inspiration can begin again this is called the heringbruer deflation reflex
23
Q

Factors affecting HB affinity of O2

A
  1. Ph
  2. Pco2
  3. Temperature
  4. 2,3 bpg biphosphoglycerate
24
Q

Pulmonary volume

A

The volume of air inspired or expired during quiet respiration

25
Q

Residual volume

A

Amount of air that remain in the alveoli and non collapsile air passages

26
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

A very deep breath

27
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

The forcible expiration

28
Q

Minute volume -
Inspiratory capacity -
Vital capacity -
Total lung capacity -

A
  1. TV x RR
  2. TV + IRV
  3. IRV + TV +ERV
  4. Sum of all the volume
29
Q

Spirometry

A

Measures the amount and rate of air a person breathes order to diagnose illness or determine progress in treatment

NURX1003 (24 decks)

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