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NURX1003 > Cells And Tissues > Flashcards

Cells And Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical elements and atoms

A
  1. All forms of matter are made up of a limited number of building blocks called chemical elements
  2. Substances cannot be broken down onto similar form
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2
Q

What are enzymes ?

A

Molecules usually contain proteins that speed up chemical reactions and cellular controls

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3
Q

Structure and function of DNA

A
  1. Double helix and is the primary chemical in genes
  2. RNA differs in structures and chemical composition from DNA
  3. Function is to carry out the instructions encoded in DNA for protein synthesis
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4
Q

ATP

A

1.energy transferring energy
2. When it transfers ATP is decomposed by hydrolysis to ADP and P
3. ATP is synthesised from ADP and pushes energy supply by the breakdown of glucose

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5
Q

Regions of a cell

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Plasma
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6
Q

Diffusion

A
  1. The selective permeability of the plasma membrane supports the existence of concentration gradients
  2. Differences in the concentration of chemicals between one side of the membrane and the other
  3. Movement of substances due to the kinetic energy
  4. (In net Diffusion substances move from an area of high to low concentration until equilibrium is released)
  5. (In simple diffusion lipid soluble substances move through the lipid bilayer)
  6. (In facilitated diffusion substances cross the membrane with the assistance of ion chemicals and carriers)
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7
Q

Osmosis

A
  1. (Movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a high to low water concentration)
  2. In an isotonic solution red blood cells maintain normal shape
  3. In an hypotonic solution they gain water and undergo hydrolysis
  4. In a hypertonic solution they loose water and undergo crenation
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8
Q

Active transport

A

Transport in which cell expends energy to move a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient aided by membrane proteins that act as pumps

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9
Q

Transport in vesicles

A

Movement of substances in or out of a cell wall in vesicles that start from the plasma membrane

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10
Q

What is Endocytosis ?

A

Movement of substances into a cell in vesicles

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11
Q

What is exocytosis ?

A

Movement of substances out of a cell in secretory vesicles

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12
Q

Cytoplasm - consists and includes

A
  1. Consists of cytosol and organelles
  2. Includes all cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus
  3. Organelles are specialised cellular structures with characteristics shapes and functions
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13
Q

Cytoskeleton - network and provide

A
  1. Network of several kinds of protein filaments
  2. Provide a structural framework for the cell and generate movement
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14
Q

Components of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
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15
Q

Ribosomes - composed and consists

A
  1. Composed of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins
  2. Consists of two sub units and site of protein synthesis
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16
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum - network and ribosomes

A
  1. Network of membranes that extend from the nuclear envelope through the cytoplasm
  2. Rough ER is studded with ribosomes
  3. Proteins synthesised on the ribosomes enter the ER for processing and sorting
  4. Where glycoproteins and phospholipids form
17
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - ribosomes

A
  1. Lacks ribosomes
  2. Site where fatty acids and steroids are synthesised
  3. Participates in releasing glucose from the liver to the bloodstream inactivating and detoxifying drugs, ect
  4. Storing and releasing calcium ions that trigger contraction in cells
18
Q

Golgi apparatus - consists

A
  1. Consists of flattened sacs called cisterns that receive proteins synthesised in the rough ER
  2. Within the Golgi cisterns the proteins are modified, stored and packaged into vesicles for transport to different destinations
  3. Small processed proteins leave the cell in the secretory vesicles and some are incorporated into the plasma membrane and some enter lysosomes
19
Q

Mitochondria - consists and produce

A
  1. Consists of smooth outer membrane and inner membrane Containing folds called mitochondria and a fluid filled cavity called the matrix
  2. Produce most of the cells ATP
20
Q

Lysosomes - function and what it is

A
  1. Membrane enclosed vesicles that contain digestive enzymes
  2. Function in digestion of work out organelles and own cells
21
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  1. Similar to lysosomes but smaller
  2. Oxidise various organic substances
22
Q

Proteosomes

A

Contain proteases that continually degrade unneeded, damaged or faulty proteins

23
Q

Nucleus

A
  1. Consists of a double nuclear envelope and pores which control the movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm
  2. The nucleoli produces ribosomes and genes arranged on chromosomes
  3. Most body cells have a single nucleus
  4. Genes control cellular structure and functions
24
Q

Translation

A
  1. Process in which the mRNA associates with ribosomes and directs synthesis of a protein converting the nucleotide sequence in the mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids across the protein
  2. MRNA binds to a ribosome specific amino acid which attaches to a transfer RNA and anticodons of tRNA bind to codons of mRNA bringing specific amino acids into position on a growing protein
  3. Begins at the start codon and terminates a the stop codon
25
Q

Cell division

A
  1. Process by which cells reproduce themselves
  2. Cell division that results in an increase in the number of body cells is called somatic cell division which involves a nucleoli division called mitosis plus division of the cytoplasm called cytokinesis
  3. Cell division that results in the production of sperm and oocytes is called reproductive cell division
26
Q

Cell cycle

A
  1. Orderly sequence of events in which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into 2 and consists of interphase and mitotic phase
  2. Replication and distribution of 2 sets of chromosomes into sequence nuclei and consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
  3. During cytokinesis which usually begins late in anaphase and ends in telophase a cleavage furrow forms and progresses inwards cutting thorough the cel to form 2 separate identical cells each with equal portions of cytoplasm, organelles and chromosomes
27
Q

Interphase

A
  1. The DNA molecule or chromosomes replicate themselves sp that identical chrosmomes can be passed onto new cells
  2. A cell that is between divisions and is carrying on every life process is said to be in interphase
28
Q

Homeostasis

A
  1. Ensures body internal environment remains constant
  2. A dynamic state of equilibrium
  3. Necessary for normal body function and life
  4. Homeostatic imbalance leads to disease
29
Q

Sagital -
Median -
Frontal -
Transverse -

A
  1. Left and right portions
  2. Equal left and right portions
  3. Anterior and posterior parts
  4. Superior and inferior parts
30
Q

Cranial cavity

A
  1. Formed by cranial bones
  2. Contains brain
31
Q

Vertebral canal

A
  1. Formed by vertebral column
  2. Contains spina cord at the beginning of spinal nerves
32
Q

Pleural cavity

A
  1. Each surround a lung
  2. The serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura
33
Q

Pericardial cavity

A
  1. Surrounds the heart
  2. The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium
34
Q

Mediastinum

A
  1. Central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs
  2. Extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm
35
Q

Mediastinum Contains

A
  1. Heart
  2. Thymus
  3. Oesophagus
  4. Trachea
  5. Large blood vessels
36
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the pericardium

37
Q

Abdominal cavity contains

A
  1. Stomach
  2. Spleen
  3. Liver
  4. Gallbladder
  5. Small intestine
  6. Large intestine
38
Q

Pleural cavity contains

A
  1. Urinary bladder
  2. Large intestine
  3. Internal organs of the reproductive system

NURX1003 (24 decks)

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