Immunity Flashcards
1
Q
Antigens
A
An antigen is a glycoprotein expressed on a cell or molecule which if the body doesn’t recognise as self can promote an immune response
2
Q
Allergens - food
A
- What
- Gluten
- Lactose
- Nuts
3
Q
Allergens - drugs
A
- Penicillin
- Aspirin
- Chlorhexidine
- Iodine
4
Q
Allergens - environmental
A
- Pet hair
- Dust mites
- Mould spores
- Pollen
5
Q
Allergens - animal or insect stings or venom
A
- Bees
- Wasps
- Jellyfish
6
Q
The body needs to protect itself from
A
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Parasites
- Multiple mechanisms which work in harmony to protect the body
- Most people recover from an infection unless immunosuppressed or immunodeficient
7
Q
White blood cells - raise and reduction
A
- White blood cells are vital in the cell mediated response to infection and inflammation
- They are requested to look for infection
- The ratio of cells and specific cell counts raised my indicate the reason foe the infection or inflammation
- A raise in white blood cells – leukophillia
- A reduce in white blood cels – leukopenia
8
Q
Neutrophils - destroy through
A
- First cells to reach sites of infection and inflammation
- Circulate in blood for up to 10 hours
- Destroy microorganisms through phagocytosis
- Found in pus
9
Q
Lymphocytes - types
A
- Smallest white cell
- B cells and natural killer cells are larger than T cells
- Circulate between tissue, lymphatics and blood
- Produce antibodies - B cells
- Kill foreign and virally infected cells
10
Q
Monocytes - what do they do
A
- Largest circulating cell
- Cytoplasm contains lysozymes
- Spend a few days In blood before going to the tissues and becoming macrophages
- Involved in phagocytosis
- Release cytokines
11
Q
Basophils - interact and cause
A
- Contain granules
- Histamine, heparin and chemotactic factors
- Found in blood for up to 2 weeks
- Interact with IgE
- Cause inflammatory reaction
- Involved in allergy
12
Q
Eosinophils - combat
A
- Glandular
- Produces histamine
- Found in tissues and only spend 1 hour in blood
- Combat parasitic infections
- Also involved in allergy and malignant disease processes
13
Q
Innate immunity
A
- Non specific
- Inborn
- No memory
- Recognises limited number of molecular patters on pathogens
- Pattern recognitions medicated by receptor number
- Response is immediate on the first encounter
14
Q
Adaptive immunity
A
- Highly specific
- Acquired
- Has memory – adapts response with each exposure
- Recognises fast array on antigens
- Antigen recognition mediated by vast array of specific receptors
- Response at 1st encounter
- Cells involved T and B lymphocytes
15
Q
2 forms of adaptive immunity
A
- Humoral
- Cell mediated
16
Q
Humoral - mediated
A
- Mediated by b lymphocytes
- Operates through formation of antibodies
- Acts on pathogens that invade body fluids
- No effect against cancers or transplants
17
Q
Cell mediated - mediated
A
- Consists of t lymphocytes
- Operates directly through T cells
- Operates against those pathogens which invade body cells
- Operates against cancer cells, viruses, fungi and graft rejection
18
Q
4 characteristics of adaptive immunity
A
- Antigen specificity
- Diversity
- Immunologic memory
- Self nonself recognition
19
Q
First line battlers to innate immunity
A
- Mechanical barrier
- Mucus
- Interferons
- Tears
- Gut flora
- Gut acidity
- Cells
- Complement system
20
Q
B lymphocytes - made
A
- Made in the bone marrow
- Express an area which binds antigens (antibody)
- Secreted antibodies are major part of humoral immunity
21
Q
Two types of B cells
A
- Memory B cell - stores antigen for future use
- Effect B cell - produce antibodies
22
Q
T lymphocytes - made and mature
A
- Made in bone marrow although mature in the thymus
- Important in recognising non self
23
Q
4 types of T lymphocytes
A
- T helper – recognises pathogen and signals for backup
- T cytotoxic – kills pathogen
- Regulatory
- Suppressor
24
Q
Immunoglobulins
A
- Synthesised by b lymphocytes
- Are antibodies
- Initiate complement and phagocytosis
25
Q
5 classifications of immunoglobulins
A
- IgA – antibody part of the immune system
- IgG – crosses placenta
- IgM – effective against bacteria
- IgD – function as a B cell antigen receptor
- IgE – initiates inflammation, type of antibody
26
Q
Working together
A
- The adaptive and innate immunity work together to tackle pathogens
- PAMPs are presented to the innate cells macrophage and dendritic cells with eliminate the pathogen
- Dendritic cells present the PAMP to the T cells which then produce other T cells and active B cells to produce an antibody to the PAMP
- Cytokines from the DC active inflammation and regulate further immune response to hunt out other invaders
27
Q
Spleen - located
A
- Location - left upper left quadrant
- The spleen is a blood filter and filters out old or damaged blood cells including RBCs and lymphocytes
- As a storage organ for lymphocytes
- Damaged or removed spleen means patients have to prophylactic antibodies and vaccines for life
28
Q
Lymphatics and lymph nodes
A
- Lymph nodes are secondary storage organs and also filter the lymphatic fluid than ruins parallel with the circulatory system
- These nodes filter and screen for any pathogens and use their stored lymphocytes to initiate immune response
- Found all over the body – tonsils, adenoids, axilla
- Swelling of the Lymph nodes may indicate an infection nearby
- Cancer cells may be filtered into the lymph nodes
29
Q
Thymus - maturation and location
A
- Thymus is the the organ for maturation of T cells
- Sits between the lungs and above the heart
- A defective or removed thymus gland increases the risk of severe viral infections and potentially cancer
30
Q
Bone marrow - site of what production
A
- Bone marrow is found in all long bones in childhood but by puberty is found in a few places iliac crest and femur
- Site of all blood cell production
- Defects in the bone marrow production can lead to primary immune deficiency and abnormal cell production here is the cause of haematological cancers such as leukaemia
31
Q
Allergy
A
- Excessive and inappropriate inflammatory response to an antigen
32
Q
When can hypersensitivity occur ?
A
- After an infection that cannot be cleared
- Harmless exogenous substances eg pollen
- An auto-antigen
33
Q
Type 1 hypersensitivity
A
- Immediate onset
- Mediated by IgE
- Degranulation of mast cells and basophils
- Require initial exposure to sensitise the immune system
34
Q
Type 2 hypersensitivity
A
- Immune response against antigens that are integral part of cell membrane and are usually associated by autoimmune Sid’s orders
- Antibody mediated
35
Q
Type 3 hypersensitivity
A
Mediated by immune complexes and causes vasculitis
36
Q
Type 4 hypersensitivity
A
- Delayed onset
- 1st contact activates t helper cells
- T helper cells secrete cytokines and activate macrophage
- Peaks 48-72hours after exposure
37
Q
Symptoms of anaphylaxis
A
- Hypotension
- Tachycardia
- Signs of airway obstruction
- Facial swelling
- Itching
- Rash
38
Q
Management of anaphylaxis
A
- Administer adrenaline
- May require ITU
- Give antihistamine and corticosteroid
- Obtain IV access and push clear fluids
39
Q
Vaccinations
A
- Used to prevent the spread and damage incurred from severe diseases
- Vaccination is dependent on acquired immunity
40
Q
How do vaccines work ?
A
- Contains dead strains of a pathogen
- Stimulate the innate immune system
- Activation of the innate system stimulates the acquired system to recognise the pathogen and make antibodies to its antigen, then stored by the B memory cells
41
Q
Disease prevented by vaccinations
A
- Measles
- TB
- HPV
- Mumps
- Yellow fever
