Immunity Flashcards
1
Q
Antigens
A
An antigen is a glycoprotein expressed on a cell or molecule which if the body doesn’t recognise as self can promote an immune response
2
Q
Allergens - food
A
- What
- Gluten
- Lactose
- Nuts
3
Q
Allergens - drugs
A
- Penicillin
- Aspirin
- Chlorhexidine
- Iodine
4
Q
Allergens - environmental
A
- Pet hair
- Dust mites
- Mould spores
- Pollen
5
Q
Allergens - animal or insect stings or venom
A
- Bees
- Wasps
- Jellyfish
6
Q
The body needs to protect itself from
A
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Parasites
- Multiple mechanisms which work in harmony to protect the body
- Most people recover from an infection unless immunosuppressed or immunodeficient
7
Q
White blood cells - raise and reduction
A
- White blood cells are vital in the cell mediated response to infection and inflammation
- They are requested to look for infection
- The ratio of cells and specific cell counts raised my indicate the reason foe the infection or inflammation
- A raise in white blood cells – leukophillia
- A reduce in white blood cels – leukopenia
8
Q
Neutrophils - destroy through
A
- First cells to reach sites of infection and inflammation
- Circulate in blood for up to 10 hours
- Destroy microorganisms through phagocytosis
- Found in pus
9
Q
Lymphocytes - types
A
- Smallest white cell
- B cells and natural killer cells are larger than T cells
- Circulate between tissue, lymphatics and blood
- Produce antibodies - B cells
- Kill foreign and virally infected cells
10
Q
Monocytes - what do they do
A
- Largest circulating cell
- Cytoplasm contains lysozymes
- Spend a few days In blood before going to the tissues and becoming macrophages
- Involved in phagocytosis
- Release cytokines
11
Q
Basophils - interact and cause
A
- Contain granules
- Histamine, heparin and chemotactic factors
- Found in blood for up to 2 weeks
- Interact with IgE
- Cause inflammatory reaction
- Involved in allergy
12
Q
Eosinophils - combat
A
- Glandular
- Produces histamine
- Found in tissues and only spend 1 hour in blood
- Combat parasitic infections
- Also involved in allergy and malignant disease processes
13
Q
Innate immunity
A
- Non specific
- Inborn
- No memory
- Recognises limited number of molecular patters on pathogens
- Pattern recognitions medicated by receptor number
- Response is immediate on the first encounter
14
Q
Adaptive immunity
A
- Highly specific
- Acquired
- Has memory – adapts response with each exposure
- Recognises fast array on antigens
- Antigen recognition mediated by vast array of specific receptors
- Response at 1st encounter
- Cells involved T and B lymphocytes
15
Q
2 forms of adaptive immunity
A
- Humoral
- Cell mediated
16
Q
Humoral - mediated
A
- Mediated by b lymphocytes
- Operates through formation of antibodies
- Acts on pathogens that invade body fluids
- No effect against cancers or transplants
17
Q
Cell mediated - mediated
A
- Consists of t lymphocytes
- Operates directly through T cells
- Operates against those pathogens which invade body cells
- Operates against cancer cells, viruses, fungi and graft rejection
18
Q
4 characteristics of adaptive immunity
A
- Antigen specificity
- Diversity
- Immunologic memory
- Self nonself recognition
19
Q
First line battlers to innate immunity
A
- Mechanical barrier
- Mucus
- Interferons
- Tears
- Gut flora
- Gut acidity
- Cells
- Complement system
20
Q
B lymphocytes - made
A
- Made in the bone marrow
- Express an area which binds antigens (antibody)
- Secreted antibodies are major part of humoral immunity
21
Q
Two types of B cells
A
- Memory B cell - stores antigen for future use
- Effect B cell - produce antibodies
22
Q
T lymphocytes - made and mature
A
- Made in bone marrow although mature in the thymus
- Important in recognising non self
23
Q
4 types of T lymphocytes
A
- T helper – recognises pathogen and signals for backup
- T cytotoxic – kills pathogen
- Regulatory
- Suppressor
24
Q
Immunoglobulins
A
- Synthesised by b lymphocytes
- Are antibodies
- Initiate complement and phagocytosis
25
5 classifications of immunoglobulins
1. IgA – antibody part of the immune system
2. IgG – crosses placenta
3. IgM – effective against bacteria
4. IgD – function as a B cell antigen receptor
5. IgE – initiates inflammation, type of antibody
26
Working together
1. The adaptive and innate immunity work together to tackle pathogens
2. PAMPs are presented to the innate cells macrophage and dendritic cells with eliminate the pathogen
3. Dendritic cells present the PAMP to the T cells which then produce other T cells and active B cells to produce an antibody to the PAMP
4. Cytokines from the DC active inflammation and regulate further immune response to hunt out other invaders
27
Spleen - located
1. Location - left upper left quadrant
2. The spleen is a blood filter and filters out old or damaged blood cells including RBCs and lymphocytes
3. As a storage organ for lymphocytes
4. Damaged or removed spleen means patients have to prophylactic antibodies and vaccines for life
28
Lymphatics and lymph nodes
1. Lymph nodes are secondary storage organs and also filter the lymphatic fluid than ruins parallel with the circulatory system
2. These nodes filter and screen for any pathogens and use their stored lymphocytes to initiate immune response
3. Found all over the body – tonsils, adenoids, axilla
4. Swelling of the Lymph nodes may indicate an infection nearby
5. Cancer cells may be filtered into the lymph nodes
29
Thymus - maturation and location
1. Thymus is the the organ for maturation of T cells
2. Sits between the lungs and above the heart
3. A defective or removed thymus gland increases the risk of severe viral infections and potentially cancer
30
Bone marrow - site of what production
1. Bone marrow is found in all long bones in childhood but by puberty is found in a few places iliac crest and femur
2. Site of all blood cell production
3. Defects in the bone marrow production can lead to primary immune deficiency and abnormal cell production here is the cause of haematological cancers such as leukaemia
31
Allergy
1. Excessive and inappropriate inflammatory response to an antigen
32
When can hypersensitivity occur ?
1. After an infection that cannot be cleared
2. Harmless exogenous substances eg pollen
3. An auto-antigen
33
Type 1 hypersensitivity
1. Immediate onset
2. Mediated by IgE
3. Degranulation of mast cells and basophils
4. Require initial exposure to sensitise the immune system
34
Type 2 hypersensitivity
1. Immune response against antigens that are integral part of cell membrane and are usually associated by autoimmune Sid’s orders
2. Antibody mediated
35
Type 3 hypersensitivity
Mediated by immune complexes and causes vasculitis
36
Type 4 hypersensitivity
1. Delayed onset
2. 1st contact activates t helper cells
3. T helper cells secrete cytokines and activate macrophage
4. Peaks 48-72hours after exposure
37
Symptoms of anaphylaxis
1. Hypotension
2. Tachycardia
3. Signs of airway obstruction
4. Facial swelling
5. Itching
6. Rash
38
Management of anaphylaxis
1. Administer adrenaline
2. May require ITU
3. Give antihistamine and corticosteroid
4. Obtain IV access and push clear fluids
39
Vaccinations
1. Used to prevent the spread and damage incurred from severe diseases
2. Vaccination is dependent on acquired immunity
40
How do vaccines work ?
1. Contains dead strains of a pathogen
2. Stimulate the innate immune system
3. Activation of the innate system stimulates the acquired system to recognise the pathogen and make antibodies to its antigen, then stored by the B memory cells
41
Disease prevented by vaccinations
1. Measles
2. TB
3. HPV
4. Mumps
5. Yellow fever
