Ageing

Question 1

How ageing affects the cardiovascular system ?

Answer 1

1. Thickening of the tunica media
2. Thickening of endothelium
3. Left ventricle increases in thickness
4. Reduction in maximal heart rate
5. Loss of pacemaker cells
6. Hypertension
7. Baroreceptors

Question 2

How ageing affects the respiratory system ?

Answer 2

1. Increases chest rigidity
2. Cilia beat increases
3. Reduces recoil of lung tissue
4. Senile emphysema
5. Increased pulmonary circulation pressure
6. Lungs lost elasticity

Question 3

How ageing affects the gastrointestinal system ?

Answer 3

1. Drop in calorific needs
2. Slowing in metabolism and reduced muscle
3. Olfactory loss
4. Dental erosion
5. Xerostomia - dry mouth
6. Reduction in oesophageal peristalsis
7. Decreased stomach elasticity
8. Wreaked mucosal barrier
9. Absorption of lipids reduced
10. Slowing Peristalsis
11. Colon walls weaken
12. Impaired pancreatic exocrine function
13. Liver reduces in size

Question 4

How ageing affects the renal system ?

Answer 4

1. Increased collagen deposition
2. Reduced bladder elasticity and volume
3. Urethra shortens
4. Prostatic hyperplasia at the prostate

Question 5

How ageing affects the nervous system ?

Answer 5

1. Degeneration of neurones
2. Decrease in cerebral blood flow
3. Change in neurotransmitters

Question 6

How ageing affects special senses ?

Answer 6

1. Resting pupil diameter
2. Viceroys humour changes
3. Changes in lens proteins
4. Muscular degeneration
5. Pinna enlarges
6. Points between ear bones thin
7. Degeneration of inner hair cells
8. Accumulation of ear wax

Question 7

How ageing affects the reproductive system ?

Answer 7

1. Menopause
2. Reduced oestrogen
3. Increase in prostate gland mass
4. Andropause

Question 8

How ageing affects the endocrine system ?

Answer 8

1. Reduction in T3
2. Autoimmune reaction against thyroid
3. Reduction in bone density
4. Increase in blood sugar
5. Decrease in serum aldosterone levels
6. Increased levels of cortisol

Question 9

How ageing affects the musculoskeletal system ?

Answer 9

1. Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength
2. Degeneration of bones
3. Joint changes

Question 10

How ageing affects the integumentary system ?

Answer 10

1. Structural changes
2. Collagen content diminished
3. Changes to blood vessels
4. Decrease in subcutaneous fat
5. Soft tissue support reduced
6. Photoaging and sun exposure

Question 11

Psychological changes

Answer 11

1. Cognitive changes
2. Behavioural changes
3. Low self esteem
4. Grief
5. Depression
6. Frustration
7. Social isolation
8. Role change
9. Stigmatisation
10. Guilt

Question 12

Psychological symptoms of menopause

Answer 12

1. Headache
2. Mood swings
3. Dizziness
4. Poor memory
5. Anxiety

Question 13

Transitional menstruation symptoms of menopause

Answer 13

1. Shorter or longer cycles
2. Bleeding between periods

Question 14

Vaginal symptoms of menopause

Answer 14

1. Dryness
2. Painful intercourse

Question 15

Urinary symptoms of menopause

Answer 15

1. Urgency
2. Incontinence

Question 16

Joints symptoms of menopause

Answer 16

1. Soreness
2. Stiffness

Question 17

Skins symptoms of menopause

Answer 17

1. Hot flushes
2. Dryness
3. Itching
4. Thinning
5. Tingling

Question 18

Breasts symptoms of menopause

Answer 18

1. Enlargement
2. Pain

Question 19

Systemic symptoms of menopause

Answer 19

1. Weight gain
2. Heavy night sweats

Question 20

Other symptoms of menopause

Answer 20

1. Back pain
2. Palpitations
3. Headache

Question 21

Andropause symptoms and complications

Answer 21

1. Decline in cognitive function
2. Gynecomastia
3. Loss of elasticity and thinning of the skin
4. Testicular atrophy
5. Reduce muscle mass and strength
6. Thinning hair, hair loss
7. Increased fat mass
8. Reduction in bone mass