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ANIMAL > The Skull (W6a) > Flashcards

The Skull (W6a) Flashcards

1
Q

Pharyngeal arches AKA?

A

Visceral arches.

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2
Q

Anterior embryo head component?

A

Cranial neural crest cells.

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3
Q

Posterior embryo head components? (2)

A

• Hindbrain neural crest cells.
• Vagal neural crest cells.

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4
Q

Development neural tube component?

A

Trunk neural crest cells.

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5
Q

Skull functions? (3)

A

• Protects brain & sensory organs.

• Supports the brain & sensory organs.

• Feeding center for digestive system & an opening for respiratory system.

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6
Q

Skull components? (3)

A

• Chondrocranium.
• Splanchnocranium.
• Dermatocranium.

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7
Q

Sectors/Regions of brain? (3)

A

• Ethmoid region.
• Optical region.
• Otic region.

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8
Q

Ethmoid region relates to?

A

Olfactory = smell.

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9
Q

Otic region relates to?

A

Auditory.

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10
Q

“Chondro” means?

A

Cartilage.

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11
Q

Chondrocranium functions? (2)

A

• Supports the brain.
• Protects the base of the nose, the eye & the ear.

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12
Q

Chondrocranium in sharks?

A

Never ossifies but covers the top of the brain to protect it.

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13
Q

Splanchnocranium functions? (2)

A

• Forms feeding mechanism.
• Supports the respiratory openings.

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14
Q

Splanchnocranium in sharks?

A

Forms the earliest jaws & gills arches.

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15
Q

Dermatocranium function?

A

Covers the chondrocranium & splanchnocranium like armour.

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16
Q

Dermatocranium in fish & tetrapods?

A

Forms most of the skull.

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17
Q

Chondrocranium anatomy? (4)

A

• Olfactory region.
• Paired optic capsules.
• Paired otic capsules.
• Occipital arch.

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18
Q

Olfactory region of chondrocranium components? (2)

A

• Paired nasal capsules.
• Ethmoid plate.

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19
Q

Optic capsules of chondrocranium?

A

= usually open for the eyeballs.

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20
Q

Otic capsules of chondrocranium?

A

= form the inner ear.

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21
Q

Occipital arch of chondrocranium?

A

= articulates with the notochord.

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22
Q

Chondrocranium embryology steps? (5)

A

● After neurulation, neural crest cells migrate to the head & form cartilage (parachordal & prechordal cartilages).

● Parachordal cartilage lies next to the notochord.

● Prechordal cartilage lies anterior to the notochord.

● Olfactory, optic & optic capsules are also formed.

● The cartilages enlarge, connecting to each other & forming the plates that support the brain (eg. Ethmoid plate).

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23
Q

Chondrocranium comparative anatomy? (3)

A

• Sharks.
• Fish.
• Most vertebrates.

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24
Q

Chondrocranium comparative anatomy? (3)

A

• Sharks.
• Fish.
• Most vertebrates.

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25
Q

Chondrocranium in sharks? (3)

A

• Not ossified.
• No dermatocranium.
• Only roofs the skull.

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26
Q

Chondrocranium in fish & most vertebrates? (2)

A

• Forms the floor of the brain case.
• Forms a small amount of the back of the skull.

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27
Q

Chondrocranium in mammals? (2)

A

• Ethmoid region is important for olfaction.
• Ethmoid develops into a bone full of holes where olfactory nerves protrude through.

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28
Q

Chondrocranium bone ossification type?

A

Endochondral bone ossification.

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29
Q

Splanchnocranium anatomy?

A

7 visceral arches (anterior-posterior).

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30
Q

1st visceral arch?

A

= mandibular arch.

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31
Q

1st visceral arch function?

A

Forms the jaws.

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32
Q

2nd visceral arch?

A

= hyoid arch.

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33
Q

2nd visceral arch function?

A

Supports the jaws.

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34
Q

3rd - 7th visceral arches?

A

= branchial arches.

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35
Q

3rd - 7th visceral arches function?

A

Support the gills.

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36
Q

Mandibular arch cartilages? (2)

A

• Palatoquadrate (dorsal).
• Meckel’s cartilage/Mandible cartilage (ventral).

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37
Q

Hyoid arch cartilage?

A

Hyomandibula cartilage.

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38
Q

Hyomandibula cartilage functions? (2)

A

• Supports the jaws.
• Articulates with the otic capsule.

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39
Q

Branchial arches divisions? (2)

A

• Epibranchials (dorsal).
• Ceratobranchials (ventral).

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40
Q

Gills location in splanchnocranium?

A

Between each arch (2nd - 7th).

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41
Q

Gill between Mandibular & Hyoid arch?

A

Spiracle.

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42
Q

Spiracle?

A

= weird girl between the mandibular arch & hyoid arch.

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43
Q

Gills function?

A

To take in oxygen.

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44
Q

Spiracle function?

A

Enables effective delivery of respiratory gases.

45
Q

Egs of organisms with spiracle? (2)

A

• Sting rays.
• Sharks.

46
Q

Splanchnocranium embryology steps? (3)

A

● After neurulation, neural crest cells migrate from the rhombomeres to the pharyngeal region.

● They then form the visceral arches.

● Most tetrapods have lost some posterior arches.

47
Q

Splanchnocranium comparative anatomy? (3)

A

• Sharks.
• Fish.
• Tetrapods (birds).

48
Q

Splanchnocranium in sharks? (2)

A

• Forms all of the jaws & gills arches.
• Jaws & gill arches are made of cartilage.

49
Q

Splanchnocranium in fish? (2)

A

• Forms the quadrate (arch 1) & hyomandibula (arch 2) bones.

• Have ceratohyal (ventral of arch 2).

50
Q

Ceratohyal?

A

= ventral portions of arch 2 that are part of the gill cover.

51
Q

Splanchnocranium in tetrapods (birds)? (3)

A

• 1st visceral arch forms quadrate & articular bones of jaw joint.

• 2nd visceral arch forms the stapes/columella.

• Remaining visceral arches form the hyoid apparatus.

52
Q

Hyoid apparatus function?

A

Supports the larynx & tongue.

53
Q

Splanchnocranium bone ossification type?

A

Endochondral bone ossification.

54
Q

Dermatocranium anatomy? (5)

A

• Dermal roof.
• Palate.
• Lower jaw/ Mandible.
• Operculars (in fish).
• Gulars (in fish).

55
Q

Dermal roof?

A

= bones that cover the dorsal part of the skull & upper jaw.

56
Q

Palate?

A

= bones that form the roof of the mouth.

57
Q

Lower jaw?

A

= bones that surround the Meckel’s cartilage.

58
Q

Operculars?

A

= bones that protect the gills.

59
Q

Gulars?

A

= bones that cover the ventral part of the gill arches.

60
Q

Dermal roof components? (5)

A

• Lateral tooth bearing series.
• Median series.
• Circumorbital series.
• Cheek series.
• Temporal series.

61
Q

Lateral tooth bearing series?

A

= bones that carry teeth on the edge of the skull.

62
Q

Median series?

A

= bones that form the top of the skull.

63
Q

Circumorbital series?

A

= bones that surround the eye.

64
Q

Cheek series?

A

= bones posterior to the eye.

65
Q

Temporal series?

A

= bones posterior & dorsal to the eye.

66
Q

Dermatocranium embryology steps? (3)

A

● Most dermatocranium bones are formed from neural crest cells.

● Some are formed from the mesoderm.

● However, all form via dermal/intramembranous ossification.

67
Q

Dermatocranium bone ossification type?

A

Dermal/Intramembranous ossification.

68
Q

Dermatocranium comparative anatomy? (2)

A

• Early fossil vertebrates, sharks, lampreys & hagfish.
• Other vertebrates.

69
Q

Dermatocranium in early fossil vertebrates, sharks, lampreys & hagfish?

A

No dermatocranium.

70
Q

Dermatocranium in other vertebrates?

A

Forms most of the skull.

71
Q

Chondrocranium embryology?

A

Neural crest cells.

72
Q

Splanchnocranium embryology?

A

Neural crest cells.

73
Q

Dermatocranium embryology? (2)

A

• Neural crest cells.
• Mesoderm.

74
Q

Metaspriggina attributes? (3)

A

• Has basic chondrocranium.
• Have splanchnocranium (with no specialization in 1st & 2nd arches).
• No dermatocranium.

75
Q

In which organisms do jaws first appear?

A

Gnathostomes.

76
Q

Organisms without jaws till this day? (2)

A

• Lampreys.
• Hagfish (slime eels).

77
Q

First fish with jaws & dermatocranium?

A

Placoderms.

78
Q

Placoderms attributes? (2)

A

• Have dermatocranium.
• Have jaws.

79
Q

Layout evolution of the skull? (3)

A

Metaspriggina
(chondrocranium + splanchnocranium + no jaws)
||
Basal gnathostomes
(dermatocranium + jaws)
||
Sharks lose dermatocranium

80
Q

Serial theory of origin of jaws?

A

= states that the mandibular arch is modified from the 1st visceral arch.

81
Q

Further explain the Serial theory?

A

Jaws develop from the epibranchial & ceratobranchial components of the 1st visceral arch.

82
Q

Egs of organisms without Hox genes? (2)

A

• Porifera (sponges).
• Ctenophora (comb jellies).

83
Q

Porifera?

A

=

84
Q

Ctenophora?

A

=

85
Q

Serial theory relates to…?

A

Origin of jaws.

86
Q

Genetic evidence to support serial theory? (2)

A

● In living jawless fish (lampreys), Hox genes are expressed in 1st visceral arch.

● Loss of Hox gene expression from the mandibular arch of gnathostomes resulted in the evolution/formation of jaws.

87
Q

Presence of Hox genes = ?

A

No jaw development (switches off jaw development).

88
Q

Morphological evidence to support the serial theory? (2)

A

• Thicker 1st visceral arch.
• No gill filaments between 1st visceral arch & 2nd visceral arch.

89
Q

Splanchnocranium evolution? (6)

A

Metaspriggina
||
Placoderms
||
Basal gnathostomes/Sharks
|| ||
Teleost fish Amphibians & Mammals

90
Q

Metaspriggina from splanchnocranium evolution? (2)

A

• Chondrocranium.
• Splanchnocranium.

91
Q

Placoderms from splanchnocranium evolution? (3)

A

• Chondrocranium.
• Splanchnocranium.
• Dermatocranium.

92
Q

Basal gnathostomes/Sharks from splanchnocranium evolution? (2)

A

• Chondrocranium.
• Splanchnocranium.

93
Q

Teleost fish from splanchnocranium evolution? (2)

A

• Reduced splanchnocranium.
• Enlarged dermatocranium.

94
Q

Amphibians from splanchnocranium evolution? (2)

A

• Minor splanchnocranium.
• Enlarged dermatocranium.

95
Q

Mammals from splanchnocranium evolution? (3)

A

• Chondrocranium.
• Dermatocranium.
• Splanchnocranium.

96
Q

Middle ear in teleost fish? (3)

A

• Quadrate & articular (arch 1) attached to hyomandibula.
• Hyomandibula (arch 2) is enlarged and attached to the brain cavity.
• No middle ear cavity.

97
Q

Middle ear in frogs & lizards? (2)

A

• Quadrate & articular (arch 1) attach to the middle ear cavity.
• Hyomandibula (arch 2) forms the columella/staples, which transmits sound from the eardrum to inner ear.

98
Q

Middle ear evolution? (3)

A

Quadrate & articular (arch 1) on their own [Teleost fish]
||
Quadrate & articular (arch 1) attached to middle ear cavity [Frogs & Lizards]
||
Hyomandibula forms columella

99
Q

Columella function?

A

= transmits sound from the eardrum to inner ear.

100
Q

Mammalian jaw anatomy? (3)

A

• Dentary.
• Quadrate forms the incus.
• Articular forms the malleus of middle ear.

101
Q

Dentary?

A

= single dermatocranium bone that mammalian jaw was reduced to.

102
Q

Mammalian jaw?

A

= reduced to a single dermatocranium bone, the dentary.

103
Q

Mammalian middle ear anatomy? (3)

A

• Stapes (stirrup).
• Malleus (hammer).
• Incus (anvil).

104
Q

How did the middle ear components come about? (3)

A

● Malleus forms from palatoquadrate & Meckel’s cartilage (arch 1).

● Incus forms from palatoquadrate & Meckel’s cartilage (arch 1).

● Stapes forms from hyomandibula (arch 2).

105
Q

What about the remaining arches, arches 3-7 in fishes?

A

They support the pharyngeal gills.

106
Q

What about the remaining arches, arches 3-7 in tetrapods?

A

Modified to support the hyoid apparatus & laryngeal cartilages.

107
Q

Theories relating to the origin of jaws? (2)

A

• Serial theory.
• Composite theory.

108
Q

Composite theory? (3)

A

= states that:

• some branchial arches anterior to the 1st arch are now “missing”.

• what we call the mandibular arch may be composite of multiple arches.

• the “missing” arches give rise to chondrocranium.

109
Q

Summarize Serial theory? (2)

A

= states that:

• mandibular arch was modified to become the jaws.

• the two major cartilages are retained which are palatoquadrate (upper jaw) & Meckel’s cartilage (lower jaw).

ANIMAL (21 decks)

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