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ANIMAL > Body Plan & Organization (W1) > Flashcards

Body Plan & Organization (W1) Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebrate?

A

= organism with a backbone.

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2
Q

Why are vertebrates grouped together?

A

They share a common ancestor.

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3
Q

How have vertebrates existed?

A

Through evolutionary modifications of attributes 1st appearing in the pre-Cambian & Cambian seas.

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4
Q

List 5 major groups of vertebrate diversity.

A
  • Sharks.
  • Ray-finned fish.
  • Amphibians.
  • Mammals.
  • Reptiles.
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5
Q

Anterior.

A

= towards the head.

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6
Q

Posterior?

A

= towards the tail.

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7
Q

Dorsal

A

= towards the back.

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8
Q

Ventral

A

= towards the belly.

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9
Q

Medial

A

= towards the mid line.

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10
Q

Lateral

A

= away from the mid line.

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11
Q

Proximal

A

= towards the base/body.

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12
Q

Distal

A

= towards the tip.

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13
Q

Saggital plane (2)

A

= plane along the mediolateral mid-line of the body.

• divides body into left & right halves.

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14
Q

Coronal/Frontal plane (2)

A

= plane along the dorsoventral mid-line of the body.

• divides body into dorsal & ventral halves.

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15
Q

Transverse plane (2)

A

= plane along the anteroposterior line of the body.

• divides body into anterior & posterior portions.

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16
Q

The Vertebrate Bauplan. What is a bauplan?

A

= a body plan/ground plan.

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17
Q

Development/Self-assembly

A

= process where a single fertilized egg cell divides multiple times to form a functioning adult on a set of internal instructions.

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18
Q

Layout/Explain the process of Self-assembly/Development? (15)

A

1) Fertilization.

2) Cleavage.

3) Blastula forms.

4) Involution (Gastrulation step 1).

5) Blastopore forms.

6) Blastopore continues to elongate.

7) Archenteron forms.

8) Archenteron extends.

9) Tissue/Cell differentiation (mesoderm, endoderm & ectoderm).

10) Archenteron meets dorsal surface of embryo.

11) Mouth formation.

12) Gastrulation ends.

13) D/V + A/P axes.

14) Neurulation.

15) Somitogenesis.

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19
Q

Cleavage?

A

= process of rapid division of cells without much growth of the embryo.

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20
Q

Blastula?

A

= a hollow ball of cells & the end result of cleavage.

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21
Q

Involution?

A

= process where cells migrate by first moving around the lateral margin of the blastula (in a ventral direction) & then moving up the medial surface to the inside of the embryo once they reach the bottom of the animal pole (some cells-the more active ones).

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22
Q

Blastopore?

A

= a little dimple in the ventral surface of the embryo that eventually becomes the anal opening in the fully developed vertebrate.

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23
Q

Gastrulation

A

= process where gastrulating cells involute/move inwards.

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24
Q

Archenteron?

A

= “old intestine”/”first intestine”.

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25
Q

Ectoderm?

A

= outermost layer of cells of an embryo.

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26
Q

Mesoderm?

A

= middle layer of the cell of an embryo.

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27
Q

Endoderm?

A

= innermost layer of the cells of the embryo.

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28
Q

Neural Crest Cells?

A

= cells on the edges of the neural plate that migrate to form body structures.

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29
Q

4 Neural Crest Derivatives?

A

• Cranial neural crest cells.
• Hind-brain neural crest cells.
• Vagal neural crest cells.
• Trunk neural crest cells.

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30
Q

Somitogenesis?

A

= process where different body segments/body parts (somites) are built.

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31
Q

Somites?

A

= bilaterally paired pieces of mesoderm.

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32
Q

How does the vertebrate body keep itself aligned?

A

Hox genes/Homeobox genes.

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33
Q

Why don’t somites generate feet where our hand should be?

A

Hox genes/Homeobox genes don’t allow for such to happen.

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34
Q

Hox genes/Homeobox genes?

A

= transcription factors that function as switches to regulate other genes.

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35
Q

Which genes do Hox genes/Homeobox genes switch on? (3)

A
  • FGF genes.
  • Wnt genes.
  • Shh genes.
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36
Q

T-box/Tbx genes function?

A

= specify limb identity.

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37
Q

AER functions? (2)

A

• To determine & regulate the P/D axis of the limb bud.
• To maintain the development of the limb bud.

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38
Q

Wnt genes functions? (2)

A

• Specify D/V axis (dorsoventral).
• To be expressed in the dorsal half of the limb bud.

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39
Q

ZPA functions? (2)

A

• Expression of Shh genes.
• Specifies A/P axis.

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40
Q

FGF8 genes function?

A

To induce & help maintain the AER.

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41
Q

2 things to note about Shh genes?

A

• Expressed at the posterior regions of the limb bud.

• Thumb (little Shh); Pinky (most Shh); Other fingers (moderate).

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42
Q

Chimera limb?

A

= limb with properties of both the anterior & posterior.

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43
Q

Stylopod in arm & leg?

A

• Arm = Humerus.
• Leg = Femur.

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44
Q

Zeugopod in arm & leg?

A

• Arm = Ulna + Radius.

• Leg = Tibia + Fibula.

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45
Q

Autopod in arm & leg?

A

• Arm = Wrist + Fingers.

• Leg = Ankle + Toes.

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46
Q

Common feature in all groups?

A

Vertebrae.

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47
Q

Bony skeleton feature belongs to? (4)

A

• Ray-finned fish.
• Amphibians.
• Mammals
• Reptiles.

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48
Q

4 limbs are specific to? (3)

A

• Amphibians.
• Mammals.
• Reptiles.

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49
Q

Amniotic egg feature is specific to? (2)

A

• Mammals.
• Reptiles.

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50
Q

Feature specific to Mammals?

A

Hair.

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51
Q

Feature specific to Reptiles?

A

Two post-orbital fenestrae.

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52
Q

Two post-orbital fenestrae means?

A

2 openings behind the eye.

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53
Q

Sharks =?

A

Chondrichthyes.

54
Q

Ray-finned fish = ?

A

Actinopterygii.

55
Q

Amphibians include? (3)

A

• Caecilians.
• Salamanders.
• Frogs.

56
Q

Reptiles include? (4)

A

• Lizards.
• Snakes.
• Crocodiles.
• Birds.

57
Q

Anterior is AKA? (2)

A

• Cranial.
• Rostral.

58
Q

Cranial =?

A

Head.

59
Q

Rostral =?

A

Nose.

60
Q

Posterior AKA?

A

Caudal.

61
Q

Caudal =?

A

Tail.

62
Q

Name the anatomical planes? (3)

A

• Sagittal plane.
• Frontal/Coronal plane.
• Transverse plane.

63
Q

Anterior opposite?

A

Posterior.

64
Q

Ventral opposite?

A

Dorsal.

65
Q

Medial opposite?

A

Lateral.

66
Q

Distal opposite?

A

Proximal.

67
Q

Bauplan function?

A

To indicate that all vertebrates share fundamental similarities in their body structure.

68
Q

Blastula components? (2)

A

• Animal pole.
• Vegetal pole.

69
Q

Animal pole?

A

= region of cells that are more active.

70
Q

Vegetal pole?

A

= region of cells that are less active.

71
Q

Function of the blastula poles?

A

Give the developing embryo “polarity” (a “top” & a “bottom”), which in turn give the developing embryo a dorsal & ventral axis.

72
Q

Involution = ?

A

1st step of Gastrulation.

73
Q

Denterostomes?

A

= animals where the mouth forms 2nd in development.

74
Q

Protostomes?

A

= animals where the mouth forms 1st in development.

75
Q

Protostomes eg? (2)

A

• Insects.
• Molluscs.

76
Q

Triploblast?

A

= organism that has an external layer of ectoderm, an internal layer of endoderm & a middle layer of mesoderm.

77
Q

Ectoderm location? (3)

A

• Teeth.
• Brain & spinal cord.
• Epidermis of skin & hair.

78
Q

Mesoderm location?(3)

A

• Vertebrae.
• Notochord.
• Body cavities.

79
Q

Endoderm location?(3)

A

• Lining of lungs.
• Lining of digestive tract.
• Auditory tubes.

80
Q

Neural plate?

A

= portion of the ectoderm at the dorsal mid-line of embryo.

81
Q

Neural tube?

A

= the neural plate folded in on itself.

82
Q

Distal end of the ventral surface of the right lateral appendage?

A

Right middle finger.

83
Q

Proximal end of the dorsal surface of the left lateral appendage?

A

= Back of left thigh.

84
Q

Anterior end of the ventral surface of the right lateral side of the body?

A

= Right temple or jaw.

85
Q

Medial margin of the anterior end of the dorsal surface of the right side of the body?

A

= Along the spine.

86
Q

Anterior end of the dorsal surface of the right lateral side of the body?

A

= Back of the head behind the right ear.

87
Q

Lateral margin of the anterior end of the ventral surface of the right side of the body?

A

= tip of ears along the right.

88
Q

Dorsal is associated with which tube?

A

Nerve tube.

89
Q

Ventral is associated with which tube?

A

= Gut tube.

90
Q

3 tubes in vertebrates?

A

• Nerve tube.
• Vertebrae.
• Gut tube.

91
Q

Neurulation steps? (5)

A

● Mesoderm that has formed the early notochord causes the ectoderm above it to change into a neural plate.

● Neural plate folds in on itself & forms a neural tube (which will eventually become the spinal cord & brain).

● Neural crest cells from the edges of the neural plate begin to move from the top of the neural tube to form body structures.

● Neural crest cells from specific parts of the brain (mid-brain & hind-brain) migrate ventrally into the pharyngeal region of the developing embryo & enter different pharyngeal arches in varying amounts.

● Pharyngeal arches (with their own neural crest cells) form the basis of the jaw & neck structures of vertebrates.

92
Q

Rhombomeres?

A

= specific parts of the hind-brain that communicate with specific structures in the fully developed animal’s head & neck.

93
Q

Steps of Development/Self assembly? (5)

A

• Fertilization.
• Blastulation.
• Gastrulation.
• Neurulation.
• Somitogenesis.

94
Q

What does Neurulation do for the sticky outy bits?

A

It lays down a base for sticky outy bits.

95
Q

What does Somitogenesis do for the sticky outy bits?

A

It forms the sticky outy bits.

96
Q

Primary location of cranial neural crest cells?

A

Facial bone & cartilage.

97
Q

Primary location of hind-brain neural crest cells?

A

Bone/cartilage.

98
Q

Primary location of vagal neural crest cells?

A

Melanocytes.

99
Q

Primary location of trunk neural crest cells?

A

Autonomic neurons.

100
Q

Locations for all neural crest cell derivatives? (2)

A

• Sensory neurons.
• Glial cells.

101
Q

Glial cells?

A

= “glue” of nervous system.

102
Q

Along which axis do somites form segments?

A

Along the A/P axis.

103
Q

What do somites eventually become? (4)

A

• Vertebrae.
• Skeletal muscle.
• Dermis.
• Axial skeleton.

104
Q

2 things to note regarding somite formation?

A

• Forms with clock-like regularity via clock genes.

• Rate of somite formation determines the body length (no. of vertebrae) of the organism.

105
Q

Eg of the impact of the rate of somite formation?

A

In:
Snakes = fast rate.
Chicks = slow rate.

106
Q

Hox genes/Homeobox genes function?

A

= To give identity to body segments by differential expression/diverse expression of other genes.

107
Q

What do we mean when we say that Hox genes are “highly conserved across animals”?

A

We mean that all animals share the same Hox genes in exactly the same positions of a genome.

108
Q

What do we mean when we say that Hox genes are “colinear”?

A

We mean that Hox genes are genomically arranged along a A/P axis similar to the bauplan.

109
Q

Downstream genes?

A

= genes that Hox genes switch on.

110
Q

Name the 3 downstream genes?

A

• FGF genes.
• Shh genes.
• Wnt genes.

111
Q

Main Tbx genes & their responsibility? (2)

A

• Tbx5 = anterior limb.

• Tbx4 = posterior limb.

112
Q

Explain limb bud formation?

A

Limb buds form from a combination of cells from the mesoderm of the somites & some ectodermal cells that surround the mesoderm and provide the limb with skin and neurons.

113
Q

AER stands for?

A

Apical Ectodermal Ridge.

114
Q

AER goes hand-in-hand with what gene?

A

FGF gene.

115
Q

FGF8 deals with which part of the body?

A

The proximal & distal ends of the arms.

116
Q

Wnt stands for?

A

Wingless type.

117
Q

Which body part does the Wnt gene deal with?

A

The dorsal (back) and ventral (front = palm) sides of the hand.

118
Q

Dorsal part of hand means?

A

Presence of Wnt gene.

119
Q

Ventral surface of hand means?

A

No Wnt gene present.

120
Q

FGF stands for?

A

Fibroblast Growth Factor.

121
Q

In general, FGF is used to do what by Mad scientists?

A

Used by Mad scientists to induce immediate limb formation via Hox gene instruction.

122
Q

Shh gene stands for?

A

Sonic Hedgehog gene.

123
Q

ZPA stands for?

A

Zone of Polarizing Activity.

124
Q

ZPA goes hand-in-hand with which gene?

A

Shh gene.

125
Q

ZPA location?

A

In posterior region of limb bud.

126
Q

4 instances of Mad scientists?

A

• Neural crest cells.
• FGF.
• AER/PD patterning.
• Shh genes.

127
Q

Mad scientists & FGF?

A

Mad scientists used FGF to induce limb formation in a region without limbs on a chicken. This resulted in a chicken chimeric limb.

128
Q

Mad scientists & AER/PD patterning?

A

Mad scientists experimented with AER and got the following results:

• AER removed = no distal limb growth.
• Extra AER = 2 limbs formed.
• AER + limb mesoderm = chimera limb.
• AER + non-limb mesoderm = no growth as AER regressed.

129
Q

Mad scientists & Shh genes?

A

Mad scientists inserted high concentrations of Shh on the thumb region, which resulted in a mirror hand (of the last three fingers).

130
Q

Tips on Hox genes mutations? (4)

A

• Lower Hox numbers = towards the proximal parts.

• Higher Hox numbers = towards the distal parts.

• Hoxd9…. (scapula).
• Hoxd13…. (digits).

131
Q

Mad scientists & Neural crest cells?

A

Mad scientists merged neural crest cells in ducks & quails, which resulted in qucks & duails. This was confirmation that neural crest cells of the 1st pharyngeal arch deal with facial architecture.

ANIMAL (21 decks)

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