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ANIMAL > Metabolism & Thermal Environment (W8a) > Flashcards

Metabolism & Thermal Environment (W8a) Flashcards

1
Q

Heat?

A

= the thermal energy in matter.

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2
Q

Heat units of measure? (3)

A

• Calorie (cal).
• Joule (J).
• Watts (W).

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3
Q

Calorie?

A

= energy needed to heat 1ml of water by 1⁰C.

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4
Q

Joule?

A

= energy needed to accelerate 1 newton by 1m.

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5
Q

Watts?

A

= measure of power.

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6
Q

Watts SI units?

A

J/s.

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7
Q

Calorie to Joules relationship/equivalent?

A

1cal = 4.184 J

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8
Q

Terms describing the speed of heat flow? (2)

A

• Conductivity.
• Capacity.

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9
Q

Conductivity?

A

= ability of a substance to transfer heat.

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10
Q

Capacity?

A

= the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a substance.

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11
Q

Temperature?

A

= measure of the density of heat in a substance.

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12
Q

Thing to note on Temperature?

A

Temperature can’t be transferred between substances.

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13
Q

Temperature units of measure? (3)

A

• Kelvin (K).
• Celsius (⁰C).
• Fahrenheit (⁰F).

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14
Q

Kelvin (K)?

A

= true scientific measure of temperature.

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15
Q

Celsius (⁰C)?

A

= measurement based on freezing & boiling point of water.

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16
Q

Celsius formula?

A

⁰C = K - 273.15

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17
Q

Fahrenheit formula?

A

⁰F = (K-273.15) × 1.8 + 32

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18
Q

What happens at 0K?

A

All kinetic motion ceases.

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19
Q

Specific heat capacity?

A

= amount of energy required to heat 1g of substance by 1⁰C.

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20
Q

Relationship between thermal conductance & heat capacity?

A

High thermal conductance, low heat capacity.

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21
Q

Water attributes? (2)

A

• High heat capacity.
• Stable temperature.

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22
Q

Pro of water having a stable temperature?

A

Makes it suitable for aquatic animals to survive.

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23
Q

Difference between aquatic environment & terrestrial environment?

A

Aquatic environment have less temperature variation than terrestrial environment.

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24
Q

Elaborate how aquatic environment have less variation from graph?

A

Among different environments namely, air, a shallow riffle, an aquatic reef bed & a deep pool, air has an extremely high temperature variation & a deep pool has an extremely low temperature variation.

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25
Q

How does temperature variation differ in terrestrial environment?

A

It differs with height above the ground.

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26
Q

Terrestrial environment temperature variation regarding soil surface?

A

Highest temperature variation at soil surface.

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27
Q

Why is temperature variation highest at soil surface? (2)

A

• Incoming solar radiation.
• Outgoing radiation from surface.

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28
Q

How do organisms living on soil adapt/survive?

A

Burrows are one adaptation seen in meerkats.

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29
Q

Avenues of heat exchange? (4)

A

• Conduction.
• Convection.
• Radiation.
• Evaporation.

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30
Q

Conduction?

A

= the direct transfer of heat between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other.

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31
Q

Convection?

A

= the transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface.

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32
Q

Radiation?

A

= emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero & that are not in direct contact.

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33
Q

Evaporation?

A

= the removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas.

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34
Q

Factors affecting radiation/that radiation depends on? (7)

A

• Latitude.
• Orientation.
• Colour.
• Surface area.
• Cloud cover.
• Thermal gradient.
• Reflectivity of surrounding surfaces.

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35
Q

Factors of conduction/that conduction depends on? (3)

A

• Contact area.
• Thermal gradient.
• Objects’ heat capacities & conductivity.

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36
Q

Factors affecting convection/that convection depends on? (4)

A

• Thermal gradient.
• Animal’s surface area.
• Medium’s thermal capacity.
• Relative movement of the medium & animal.

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37
Q

Factors affecting evaporation/that evaporation depends on? (3)

A

• Surface area.
• Water vapour pressure gradient.
• Air flow rate over the surface.

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38
Q

Conduction symbol?

A

K.

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39
Q

Convection symbol?

A

C.

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40
Q

Radiation symbol?

A

R.

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41
Q

Evaporation symbol?

A

E.

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42
Q

Latent energy?

A

= energy released/absorbed to change the state of a substance without changing its temperature.

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43
Q

Latent heat of fusion of water?

A

= energy required to melt 1ml ice into liquid water (334J).

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44
Q

Latent heat of vaporization of water?

A

= energy required to evaporate 1ml of water (2426J).

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45
Q

Why is evaporation important for animals?

A

It aids in heat loss in animals which converts thermal energy into latent energy.

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46
Q

Requirement for lateral heat of vaporization of water?

A

Water vapour pressure gradient.

47
Q

Q10 temperature coefficient?

A

= factorial increase in the rate of a reaction caused by a 10°C increase in temperature.

48
Q

What explains the temperature dependency of chemical reaction rates?

A

Q10 temperature coefficient.

49
Q

Q10 formula?

A

Q10 = R(T)/ R(T-10)

50
Q

Explain Q10 graph?

A
51
Q

Explain Q10 formula symbols? (4)

A

• R(T) =
• R(T-10) =
• R = Reaction rate.
• T = Temperature.

52
Q

Effect of temperature on enzymes attributes? (3)

A

• Increase in reaction rate (Q10).
• Enzymes denature at high temperatures.

Therefore, optimal temperature = balance between Q10 & denaturation.

53
Q

Q10 value attributes? (4)

A

• Explains temperature-dependency of chemical reaction rates.
• Important in organismal physiology.
• 2-3 in organisms.
• Is limited by the denaturation of enzymes.

54
Q

Process of metabolic heat production?

A

Heat is produced as a by-product of catabolism.

55
Q

Metabolism types? (2)

A

• Anaerobic metabolism.
• Aerobic metabolism.

56
Q

Anaerobic metabolism eg?

A

Glycolysis.

57
Q

Aerobic metabolism eg?

A

Krebs cycle.

58
Q

Aerobic metabolism attributes? (2)

A

• Relies on O2.
• Generates more ATP.

59
Q

Anaerobic metabolism attributes? (2)

A

• Does not rely on O2.
• Only produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

60
Q

Explain graph of metabolism vs time?

A

Illustrates how metabolism copes with limited oxygen over time.

61
Q

Brown adipose tissue attributes? (3)

A

• High concentration of mitochondria.
• Adapted for heat production.
• Non-shivering thermogenesis.

62
Q

Brown adipose tissue is AKA?

A

Brown fat

63
Q

Why is brown fat dark?

A

Has a high concentration of mitochondria.

64
Q

How does brown fat produce heat via Non-shivering thermogenesis?

A
65
Q

Organisms with brown fat? (3)

A

• Naked mole rats.
• Bats.
• Human infants.

66
Q

Basal metabolic rate?

A

= the minimum amount of energy needed by the body to maintain life at rest.

67
Q

Conditions for you to have/be in BMR? (7)

A

• Be inactive.
• Adult.
• Non-reproductive.
• Not stressed.
• Thermoneutral environment.
• Rest-phase.
• Post-absorptive.

68
Q

Aerobic metabolic rate types? (4)

A

• BMR.
• SMR.
• RMR.
• FMR.

69
Q

BMR stands for?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate.

70
Q

Standard metabolic rate?

A

= ectotherm BMR equivalent.

71
Q

Conditions for you have/be in SMR? (7)

A

• Inactive.
• Adult.
• Not stressed.
• Rest-phase.
• Post-absorptive.
• Non-reproductive.
• Documentation of temperature.

72
Q

Resting metabolic rate?

A

= the minimum amount of energy to sustain body vital functions when animal is not physical active.

73
Q

Conditions to have/be in RMR?

A
74
Q

Field metabolic rate?

A

= metabolic rate under natural conditions.

75
Q

Thing to note for RMR?

A

Easier to measure than BMR.

76
Q

Thing to note for FMR?

A

2 or 3 times BMR or SMR.

77
Q

SMR stands for?

A

Standard Metabolic Rate.

78
Q

RMR stands for?

A

Resting Metabolic Rate.

79
Q

FMR stands for?

A

Field Metabolic Rate.

80
Q

Aerobic metabolic scope?

A

= difference between the maximum metabolic rate & BMR/SMR.

81
Q

Maximum metabolic rate?

A

= highest active metabolic rate.

82
Q

Maximum metabolic rate attribute?

A

5-10 times BMR in birds & mammals.

83
Q

Organisms with high aerobic scope?

A

Flying insects.

84
Q

Why do flying insects have high aerobic scope?

A
85
Q

Metabolic rate to note when dealing with endotherms? (2)

A

• Whole-animal MR.
• Mass-specific MR.

86
Q

Allometric relationship type for waMR vs Body mass?

A

Negative allometric relationship.

87
Q

Allometric relationship type for msMR vs Body mass?

A

Inverse allometric relationship.

88
Q

What explains how MR scales with body mass? (2)

A

• SA:V ratio.
• Proportion of bone.

89
Q

SA:V attributes? (2)

A

• SA grows in 2D.
• V grows in 3D.

90
Q

Smaller animals attributes in terms of SA:V ratio? (3)

A

• Low volume.
• High relative SA.
• Large area of heat exchange.

91
Q

Explain the 2nd metabolic scaling factor?

A

Because bigger animals require proportionally more bone & bone is metabolically inactive, it may explain why smaller animals have a relatively higher MR than bigger animals.

92
Q

Ectotherm attributes relating to MR & body size? (3)

A

• Ectotherms don’t produce their own heat.
• Isometric allometric relationship (b=1).
• Implies that SA must have some effect in endotherms.

93
Q

Scaling factor of msMR?

A

b = -0.25.

94
Q

Scaling factor of waMR?

A

b = 0.75

95
Q

Conduction via a lizard on a rock?

A

When a lizard sits on a hot rock.

96
Q

Convection via a lizard on a rock? (2)

A

• When a breeze contributes to heat loss from a lizard’s dry skin.

• Blood moves heat from the body core to the extremities.

97
Q

Radiation via a lizard on a rock?

A

When a lizard absorbs heat radiating from the sun.

98
Q

Evaporation via a lizard on a rock?

A

Evaporation of water from a lizard’s moist surfaces that are exposed to the environment.

99
Q

Thermal profile of aquatic environments?

A

Low temperature variation.

100
Q

Thermal profile of terrestrial environments? (2)

A

• High temperature variation.
• Soil = highest temperature variation.

101
Q

Whole-animal MR?

A

= MR that increases with increasing body size.

102
Q

Mass-specific MR?

A

= MR that decreases with increasing body size.

103
Q

Eg of MR in endotherms?

A

Total MR of a mouse is lower than an elephant but 1g of mouse tissue has a higher MR than 1g of elephant tissue.

104
Q

Specific heat capacity formula?

A

c = E/ mØ

105
Q

SI unit for specific heat capacity (c)?

A

J/kg ⁰C

106
Q

SI unit for energy transferred (E)?

A

Joules.

107
Q

SI unit for mass (m)?

A

kg.

108
Q

SI unit for temperature change (Ø)?

A

⁰C.

109
Q

Conduction keyword?

A

Contact.

110
Q

Convection keyword?

A

Density differences.

111
Q

Radiation keyword?

A

Waves.

112
Q

Conduction is most effective in which material type?

A

Solids.

113
Q

Convection is most effective in which material types? (2)

A

• Liquids.
• Gases.

114
Q

Radiation is most effective in which material types?

A

No material type required as it occurs in space.

ANIMAL (21 decks)

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