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ANIMAL > Comparative Anatomy & Physiology: Circulatory System (W12a) > Flashcards

Comparative Anatomy & Physiology: Circulatory System (W12a) Flashcards

1
Q

Theories of how Brachiosaurus supplied blood to its head? (3)

A

• Had a massive & strong heart.
• Had multiple hearts in its neck to reach heights.
• Never lifted its head.

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2
Q

Circulatory system functions? (3)

A

• Provides a rapid mass flow of material from in one part of the body to another over distances with slow diffusion occurring.

• Transport system of many products.

• Immune defence.

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3
Q

Products that circulatory system transports? (5)

A

• O2 & CO2.
• Waste products.
• Nutrients.
• Metabolites.
• Hormones.

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4
Q

Circulatory system types? (2)

A

• Simple circulatory system.
• Complex circulatory system.

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5
Q

Egs of oganisms with a simple circulatory system? (3)

A

• Flatworms.
• Sponges.
• Jellyfish.

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6
Q

Simple circulatory system?

A

= system where diffusion allows for adequate transfer of materials (esp. Sponges).

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7
Q

How does diffusion occur in simple circulatory system?

A

Through the epidermis & gastrovascular compartment (esp. Flatworms & Jellyfish).

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8
Q

Circulatory system components? (3)

A

• Vascular system (blood vessels).
• Circulating fluid (blood/haemolymph).
• Pump to maintain fluid flow (heart).

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9
Q

Haemolymph?

A

= invertebrate blood.

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10
Q

Haemolymph constituents? (2)

A

• Plasma.
• Hemocyte.

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11
Q

Hemocyte?

A

= single type of blood cell found in invertebrate blood.

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12
Q

Hemocyte functions? (2)

A

• Haemostasis (prevention of bleeding).
• Defence against microbes.

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13
Q

Vertebrate blood constituents? (3)

A

• Plasma.
• Cells.
• Cell fragments (platelets).

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14
Q

Types of cells found in vertebrate blood? (2)

A

• Erythrocytes.
• Leukocytes.

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15
Q

Erythrocytes is AKA?

A

Red blood cells.

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16
Q

Leukocytes are AKA?

A

White blood cells.

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17
Q

Blood plasma constituents? (5)

A

• Water.
• Protein.
• Lipids.
• Electrolytes.
• Glucose.

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18
Q

Platelets function?

A

Blood clotting.

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19
Q

Erythrocytes functions? (2)

A

• Transports gases (O2) & nutrients.
• Prevents excretion of haemoglobin (containers of Hb).

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19
Q

Leukocytes function?

A

Immune response.

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20
Q

Blood function?

A

Regulation of the body’s systems & homeostasis.

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21
Q

Immunity types? (2)

A

• Innate immunity.
• Acquired immunity.

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22
Q

Innate immunity is AKA?

A

General immunity.

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23
Q

Innate immunity?

A

= involves certain leukocytes being able to recognize & destroy pathogens.

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24
Q

What does Innate immunity involve?

A

Phagocytosis.

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25
Q

Acquired immunity?

A

= immunity to a disease that isn’t innate but has been acquired/received during life.

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26
Q

Acquired immunity involves?

A

Antibodies.

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27
Q

Eg of leukocytes involved in Innate immunity?

A

Monocytes.

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28
Q

Eg of leukocyte involved in Acquired immunity?

A

Lymphocytes.

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29
Q

Erythrocytes attributes? (2)

A

• Nucleate in all animal groups, except in mammals.
• Fewer & larger in lower vertebrates.

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30
Q

Avian rbc attributes? (2)

A

• Oval.
• Large.

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31
Q

Mammalian rbc attribute?

A

Biconcave disks.

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32
Q

Hemoglobin?

A

= has 4 Fe molecules that bind to 4 O2 molecules.

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33
Q

Respiratory pigments?

A

= proteins specialized for transport of O2.

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34
Q

Respiratory pigments function?

A

Reversibly bind O2 & increase O2 in blood.

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35
Q

Respiratory pigments kinds? (4)

A

• Red.
• Blue.
• Green.
• Violet.

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36
Q

Egs of organisms with Red respiratory pigment? (2)

A

• Humans.
• Vertebrates.

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37
Q

Egs of organisms with Blue respiratory pigment? (3)

A

• Crustaceans.
• Spiders.
• Octopus.

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38
Q

Egs of organisms with Green respiratory pigment? (2)

A

• Segmented worms.
• Leeches.

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39
Q

Eg of organism with Violet respiratory pigment?

A

Peanut worms.

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40
Q

Explain Oxygen-Haemoglobin dissociation curve? (2)

A

• Shows the relationship between the partial pressure of O2 & the O2 saturation of haemoglobin.

• Describes the saturation percentage of oxyhaemoglobin at various partial pressures of O2.

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41
Q

Right shift in Oxygen-Haemoglobin dissociation curve attributes? (7)

A

• High H+ (acid).
• High temperature.
• High PCO2.
• High 2,3-BPG.
• High altitude.
• Exercise.
• High O2 unloading to tissues (low affinity).

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42
Q

Low affinity =…?

A

High O2 unloading to tissues.

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43
Q

Exercise in terms of tissue?

A

= active respiring tissue.

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44
Q

Left shift in Oxygen-Haemoglobin dissociation curve attributes? (6)

A

• Low H+ (basic).
• Low temperatures.
• Low 2,3-BPG.
• Low PCO2.
• Low O2 unloading to tissues (high affinity).
• Myoglobin.

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45
Q

High affinity =…?

A

Low O2 unloading to tissues.

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46
Q

Egs of Right shift? (2)

A

• Small mammals.
• Small birds.

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47
Q

Egs of Left shift? (3)

A

• Diving animals.
• Lugworms (burrowers).
• Llama (high altitudes).

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48
Q

2,3-BPG?

A

= promotes Hb transition from a high O2 affinity state to a low O2 affinity state.

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49
Q

Egs of hypoxic environments? (3)

A

• Deep depths of the sea.
• Underground.
• High altitudes.

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50
Q

Myoglobin attribute?

A

Abundant in very active & diving animals.

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51
Q

Myoglobin?

A

= intracellular respiratory pigment found in muscle cells.

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52
Q

Circulatory system categories? (2)

A

• Open circulatory system.
• Closed circulatory system.

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53
Q

Open circulatory system?

A

= incomplete system of blood vessels where the circulating fluid isn’t enclosed in vessels.

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54
Q

Open circulatory system components? (2)

A

• Haemocoel.
• Haemolymph.

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55
Q

Why is the fluid in open circulatory system called Haemolymph?

A

It’s because the blood mixes with the interstitial fluid.

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56
Q

Egs of organisms with an open circulatory system? (2)

A

• Arthropods (insects).
• Mollusks.

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57
Q

Haemolymph function?

A

Bathes organs.

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58
Q

Closed circulatory system?

A

= complete system of blood vessels where the circulatory fluid is enclosed in vessels.

59
Q

Closed circulatory system component?

A

Blood.

60
Q

Explain the flow of Haemolymph in the Open circulatory system?

A

Haemolymph circulates around the organs within the haemocoel & then re-enters the hearts through ostia.

61
Q

Explain the flow of Blood in the Closed circulatory system?

A

Blood circulates unidirectionally from the heart around the systemic circulatory route & then returns to the heart again.

62
Q

Egs of organisms with a Closed circulatory system? (2)

A

• Earthworms.
• Vertebrates.

63
Q

Pro of Closed circulatory system?

A

Regulates blood pressure.

64
Q

Why is circulatory fluid in Closed circulatory system called Blood?

A

It’s because blood is enclosed in blood vessels.

65
Q

Blood vessel types? (3)

A

• Arteries.
• Veins.
• Capillaries.

66
Q

Arteries?

A

= blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

67
Q

What are arteries made up of? (2)

A

• Smooth muscles (vasoconstriction).
• Elastic walls (withstand high pressure).

68
Q

Veins?

A

= blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart.

69
Q

What are veins made up of? (2)

A

• Smooth muscles.
• Valves.

70
Q

Valves functions? (2)

A

• Prevent backflow of blood.
• Ensure unidirectional blood flow.

71
Q

Capillaries?

A

= narrow-diameter tubes that are the sites for the exchange of nutrients, wastes & O2.

72
Q

Layout how blood vessels convert/converge/branch? (7)

A

Major arteries
|
Minor arteries
|
Arterioles
|
Capillaries/Capillary beds
|
Venules
|
Minor veins
|
Major veins

73
Q

What are Capillaries made up of? (2)

A

• Endothelium.
• Basement membrane.

74
Q

Fluid exchange between Capillaries & interstitial fluid / Capillary exchange? (3)

A

● Start of blood vessel
- Hydrostatic pressure > Osmotic pressure.

● Middle of blood vessel
- Hydrostatic pressure = Osmotic pressure.

● End of blood vessel
- Hydrostatic pressure < Osmotic pressure.

75
Q

At start of blood vessel attribute?

A

• Hydrostatic pressure > Osmotic pressure.

76
Q

At Middle of blood vessel attributes? (2)

A

• Hydrostatic pressure = Osmotic pressure.

• No net movement.

77
Q

At End of blood vessel attributes? (2)

A

• Hydrostatic pressure < Osmotic pressure.

• Reabsorption.

78
Q

Hydrostatic pressure?

A

= the pressure that any fluid in a confined space exerts.

79
Q

Osmotic pressure?

A

= the pressure needed to stop the flow of water or osmosis.

80
Q

Muscular pump types found in different organisms? (3)

A

• Extrinsic muscle pump.
• Pulsatile abdominal bulbs.
• Accessory pumps.

81
Q

Extrinsic muscular pump?

A

= contraction of skeletal muscle.

82
Q

Pulsatile abdominal bulbs?

A

= structures with ostia along the dorsal vessel that “suck” haemolymph from the haemocoel then propel it towards the head for distribution throughout the body.

83
Q

Accessory pumps of invertebrates?

A

= extra hearts that supplement the action of systemic hearts.

84
Q

Egs of invertebrates with accessory pumps? (2)

A

• Branchial heart of cephalopods.
• Caudal heart of hagfish.

85
Q

Chambered hearts of vertebrates attributes? (3)

A

• Propel blood by co-ordinated contraction of the muscular wall.
• Have atria.
• Have ventricles.

86
Q

System circuit types? (2)

A

• Single system circuit.
• Double system circuit.

87
Q

Single system circuit?

A

= system where blood flows through the heart once per cycle.

88
Q

Single system circuit attributes? (3)

A

• Have respiratory & systemic circulation in series.
• Must pass through 2 systems of the capillaries.
• Functions at relatively low blood pressure.

89
Q

Why is Hydrostatic pressure > Osmotic pressure at start of blood vessel?

A

To ensure that fluid in plasma is pushed out of the capillaries into the interstitial fluid that bathes the tissues.

90
Q

Why is Hydrostatic pressure < Osmotic pressure at the end of blood vessel?

A

It’s because of the loss of the watery plasma from the capillaries that creates a hyper-osmotic solution.

91
Q

Con of Single system circuit?

A

Limited efficacy of O2 delivery.

92
Q

Egs of organisms with a Single system circuit? (3)

A

• Teleost fish systemic circuit.
• Elasmobranch heart.
• Lungfish circulation.

93
Q

Teleost fish systemic circuit is AKA?

A

Myogenic heart.

94
Q

Gill circulation?

A

= circulation where the heart pumps the blood to the gills where gas exchange occurs & the blood is re-oxygenated.

95
Q

Systemic circulation?

A

= circulation the the blood continues to the rest of the body before arriving back at the heart.

96
Q

Muscular pump function?

A

To generate a pressure gradient to propel blood/haemolymph around the body.

97
Q

Why do some invertebrates depend on Extrinsic muscular pumps?

A

It’s because they don’t have a heart to propel haemolymph.

98
Q

Egs of organisms using extrinsic pumps? (2)

A

• Nematodes.
• Leeches.

99
Q

Teleost fish systemic circuit attributes? (7)

A

• Modulates heart beat.
• 2 chambered heart.
• 1 atrium & 1 ventricle.
• Has spongy myocardium.
• Has valves.
• Contains a sinus venosus.
• Contains a bulbous arteriosus.

100
Q

Sinus venosus function?

A

Provides a continuous flow of blood to the heart.

101
Q

Sinus venosus attributes? (3)

A

• Enlarged chamber in venous side of the heart.
• Receives deoxygenated blood.
• Has a pacemaker.

102
Q

Bulbus arteriosus?

A

= thickened muscular part on the arterial side of the teleost heart.

103
Q

Elasmobranch heart attributes? (6)

A

• 2 chambered heart.
• 1 atrium & 1 ventricle.
• Enclosed in a rigid pericardium to facilitate venous return.
• Contains sinus venosus.
• Contains conus arteriosus.
• Has cornal valves in arterial side of heart.

104
Q

Sinus venosus attributes in Elasmobranch hearts? (3)

A

Same as in Teleost fish systemic circuit.

105
Q

Conus arteriosus attributes? (3)

A

• On the arterial side of the heart.
• Composed of cardiac muscle.
• Has cornal valve internally.

106
Q

Cornal valves function?

A

Prevent blood backflow into the ventricle.

107
Q

Lungfish circulation attributes? (3)

A

• Bimodal respiratory system.
• Maintain a functional separation of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood.
• Partially divided atrium.

108
Q

How do Lungfish maintain a functional separation of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood?

A

Through the spiral folds found in the bulbus arteriosus.

109
Q

What do we mean when we say “Bimodal respiratory system”?

A

We mean that Lungfish are able to switch from a gill circuit when submerged in water to a pulmonary circuit when out of water.

110
Q

Double system circuit?

A

= circuit where blood flows through the heart twice per cycle.

111
Q

Egs of organisms with a Double system circuit? (3)

A

• Amphibian hearts.
• Reptilian hearts.
• Bird & Mammal hearts.

112
Q

Amphibian hearts attributes? (5)

A

• 3 chambered heart.
• 2 atria & 1 ventricle.
• Double circulatory system but heart is not completely separated.
• Trabeculae (divider).
• Diversity of respiratory exchange organs (O2 via lungs & skin).

113
Q

Trabeculae?

A

= muscle within the ventricle that functionally subdivides the spongy myocardium.

114
Q

Reptilian hearts attributes? (4)

A

• 3 chambered heart (interconnected).
• 2 atria & 1 ventricle.
• Lacks a conus arteriosus.
• Partial septum in ventricle.

115
Q

Partial septum function?

A

Prevents the mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood.

116
Q

Pro of partial septum in reptilian hearts?

A

Supports the high metabolic rates required for their active terrestrial lifestyles.

117
Q

Result of lack of conus arteriosus in reptilian hearts?

A

Aortic arches & pulmonary arteries arise directly from the ventricle.

118
Q

Basic reptilian heart patterns recognized? (2)

A

• Chelonian hearts.
• Squamate hearts.

119
Q

Chelonians include? (2)

A

• Turtles.
• Tortoises.

120
Q

Squamates include? (2)

A

• Snakes.
• Lizards.

121
Q

Eg of organism with the most peculiar reptilian heart?

A

Crocodiles.

122
Q

Crocodilian hearts attributes? (4)

A

• 4 chambered heart.
• Completely divided ventricle.
• Right-to-left cardiac shunting.
• Foramen of Panizza.

123
Q

Foramen of Panizza?

A

= a hole that connects the left & right aortic arches after they leave the ventricles.

124
Q

Cardiac shunt kinds? (2)

A

• Right-to-left shunt.
• Left-to-right shunt.

125
Q

Right-to-left shunt attributes? (3)

A

• Low lung ventilation (apnea).
• High gastric acid secretion.
• Hypercapnic blood.

126
Q

Left-to-right shunt attributes? (3)

A

• High lung ventilation.
• Low gastric acid secretion.
• Hypocapnic blood.

127
Q

Apnea?

A

= ceased breathing/breathlessness.

128
Q

Hypercapnic blood?

A

= blood having a high level of carbon dioxide.

129
Q

Instances of Right-to-left shunt? (2)

A

• Diving animals.
• Foetal circulatory system.

130
Q

Pro of Left-to-right shunt?

A

Promotes myocardial oxygenation.

131
Q

Right-to-left shunt?

A

= systemic venous blood bypassing the pulmonary circulation.

132
Q

Left-to-right shunt?

A

= pulmonary venous blood bypassing the systemic circulation.

133
Q

Bird & Mammal hearts attributes? (6)

A

• 4 chambered heart.
• 2 atria & 2 ventricles.
• Completely separated double circulatory system.
• Compact myocardium with coronary circulation.
• No cardiac shunting.
• Arose independently (convergent evolution).

134
Q

Bird hearts attributes in addition to previously mentioned? (2)

A

• Right aortic arch.
• Reduced sinus venosus.

135
Q

Mammal hearts attributes? (2)

A

• Left aortic arch.
• Sinus venosus reduced to Purkinje fibres or pacemaker (sinoatrial node).

136
Q

Sinus venosus is reduced to what in Mammal hearts? (2)

A

• Purkinje fibres.
• Pacemaker (sinoatrial node).

137
Q

Contributors of the emergence of a 4 chambered heart in Bird & Mammal hearts? (3)

A

• Endothermy.
• Flight (high altitude).
• Large body mass.

138
Q

MR associations in circulatory system? (3)

A

• Cardiac output.
• Heart mass.
• Arterial blood pressure.

139
Q

Cardiovascular allometry relationships? (3)

A

High MR = High Cardiac output = need Large hearts.

140
Q

Body mass (BM) relationships relating to Cardiovascular allometry (elaborate)? (3)

A

• Bigger animals, Bigger hearts (Heart mass vs BM).

• Smaller animals, High msMR, High heart rates (msMR & Heart rate vs BM).

• Bigger animals, High mean arterial pressure (MAP vs BM).

141
Q

BM relationships relating to Cardiovascular allometry (list)? (3)

A

• Heart mass vs BM.
• msMR & Heart rate vs BM.
• MAP vs BM.

142
Q

Giraffe blood pressure effects? (4)

A

• High MAP due to thick left ventricle walls in a hypertensive giraffe.
• Reduced radius of left ventricular cavity.
• Reduced stroke volume & cardiac output.
• Constrained aerobic performance

143
Q

Answer Mystery question:

How did Brachiosaurus supply blood to its head?

A

Brachiosaurus didn’t lift its head and it’s assumed that it could be reaching for aquatic vegetation.

144
Q

What does the systolic blood pressure question mostly apply to?

A

Animals with long necks that have to pump blood against gravity.

ANIMAL (21 decks)

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