Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANIMAL > FC5: Extreme Environments (W14) > Flashcards

FC5: Extreme Environments (W14) Flashcards

1
Q

Extreme environments?

A

= harsh & challenging conditions that animals need to adapt to survive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Egs of extreme environments? (2)

A

• Deserts (extreme heat).
• Arctics (extreme cold).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What makes an environment extreme? (4)

A

• Extremely High/low temperatures.
• Low O2/High CO2 levels.
• High salt concentrations/Acidity.
• Absence of water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Egs of animals that adapt to extreme environments? (2)

A

• Kangaroo rats (deserts).
• Pompei worms (underwater).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lethal temperature?

A

= duration of exposure to temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Things to consider regarding lethal temperature? (2)

A

• Distinguish between survival & reproduction.
• Limits are species-specific.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does lethal temperature depend on? (2)

A

• Length of exposure.
• Life stage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Highest tolerater of extreme heat?

A

Sahara silver ants (50⁰C).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lowest tolerater of extreme heat?

A

Antarctic fish (6⁰C).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Factors affecting heat death? (6)

A

• Denaturation of proteins (45-55⁰C).
• Thermal inactivation of enzymes (increase up to 30⁰C).
• Inadequate O2.
• Difference of Q10 on interdependent metabolic reactions.
• Changes in membrane structure.
• Increased evaporative water loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does High evaporative water loss cause heat death?

A

Via dehydration if animals aren’t able to replace the water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Types of adaptation/Ways animals adapt? (3)

A

• Anatomical adaptations.
• Behavioural adaptations.
• Physiological adaptations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anatomical adaptations to heat/desert environments? (4)

A

• High SA:V ratio (to dissipate heat).
• Smaller body size (Bergmann’s rule).
• Long & thin appendages (Allen’s rule).
• Thermal windows (large, vascularized ears & beaks).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Eg of animal that has adapted to desert environments via anatomical adaptations?

A

Fennec fox.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Egs of morphological & anatomical adaptations that enable Fennec fox to survive desert environments? (3)

A

• Small body size.
• Long & thin appendages.
• Large vascularized ears.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Behavioural adaptations to desert environments? (5)

A

• Avoid high temperatures through shade seeking.
• Inactivity during heat of the day.
• Adjust orientation to solar radiation.
• Postural adjustments.
• Estivation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Benefit of shade seeking?

A

Decreases radiant heat gain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Benefit of inactivity during heat of the day?

A

Decreases metabolic heat production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do animals adjust their orientation to solar radiation?

A

Through orientation being parallel to the sun/solar radiation which reduces radiant heat gain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Benefits of postural adjustments? (2)

A

• Increases convective heat loss.
• Decreases heat gain via conduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Eg of postural adjustments?

A

Huddling up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Egs of animals that use estivation as a behavioural adaptation? (2)

A

• Frogs.
• Lungfish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Egs of animals that portray behavioural adaptations in desert environments? (3)

A

• Beetles.
• Arabian oryx.
• Lizards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Estivation?

A

= dormancy in response to high temperatures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Estivation is AKA?

A

Summer sleep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Physiological adaptation to desert environments?

A

Evaporative cooling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Evaporative cooling in ectotherms attributes? (4)

A

• Passive evaporators (via acting as wet-bulb thermometers).
• Enhance evaporative cooling to maintain Tb in heat.
• Via glandular secretions.
• Have no sweat glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do ectotherms Enhance Evaporative cooling in the heat?

A

By increasing cutaneous/respiratory water loss (terrestrial ectotherms).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Evaporative cooling in birds attributes? (5)

A

• Cutaneous water loss.
• Have no sweat glands.
• Panting.
• Gular fluttering.
• Urohidrosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why is gular fluttering more effective than panting?

A

It’s because it enables evaporative cooling without increasing metabolic costs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Challenge with evaporative cooling in desert environments?

A

Animals need to harvest water to replenish water loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How do organisms harvest water? (2)

A

• Specialized feathers soak up water to carry back to their nest (Sand grouse).
• Absorb water through skin capillary channels (Thorny devil).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How do frogs partake in estivation?

A

By shedding epidermal layers to resist desiccation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Eg of birds that use urohidrosis for evaporative cooling?

A

Black vultures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Urohidrosis?

A

= when birds urinate on their legs to enhance evaporative cooling when heat stressed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Adaptive heterothermy benefits? (2)

A

• Decreases evaporative water loss.
• Decreases heat gain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Adaptive heterothermy?

A

= when animals store heat during the day & don’t use evaporative cooling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Physiological adaptations of camels? (2)

A

• Fat-filled humps to produce metabolic water.
• Extremely long & large intestine (colon) for reabsorbing water.

39
Q

Anatomical adaptations of camels? (3)

A

• Wide, padded feet.
• Long eyelashes & thin, slit nostrils.
• Long & muscular legs.

40
Q

Hyperthermia?

A

= insufficient water.

41
Q

Hypothermia according to Hetem (2010)?

A

= insufficient food.

42
Q

Physiological adaptation in antelopes?

A

Selective brain cooling.

43
Q

Selective brain cooling attributes? (2)

A

• delays evaporative cooling & evaporative water loss.
• Tricks the brain into thinking that the brain is cooler than it actually is.

44
Q

Protection against cold/Ways animals adapt to cold environments? (4)

A

• Migration to warmer climates (Avoidance).
• Insulation.
• Thermogenesis.
• Cold hardiness.

45
Q

Migration as protection against cold attributes? (3)

A

• Primary means for protection from extreme temperatures.
• Long distance migration (birds).
• Short distance migration (snakes).

46
Q

Eg of short distance migratory snakes?

A

Garter snakes.

47
Q

Short distance migratory snakes attributes? (2)

A

• Congregate in a communal den (>8000 snakes).
• Brumation.

48
Q

Brumation benefit?

A

Decreases activity in ectotherms.

49
Q

Egs of long distance migrators? (2)

A

• Birds.
• Butterflies.

50
Q

Hibernaculum?

A

= overwintering site or place where animals seek refuge.

51
Q

Hibernaculum function?

A

Provides insulation from the cold.

52
Q

Egs of animals that make use of hibernaculums? (2)

A

• Snakes.
• Frogs.

53
Q

Insulation as protection against cold attributes? (5)

A

• Reduces heat flow between animal & environment.
• Uses countercurrent heat exchange systems.
• Use of blubber (aquatic animals).
• Use of fur (polar bears).
• Use of feathers/piloerection (birds).

54
Q

Bergmann’s rule?

A

= states that organisms at higher latitudes are larger & thicker than those near the equator to better conserve heat.

55
Q

Allen’s rule?

A

= states that organisms will have shorter & thicker limbs at higher latitudes.

56
Q

Egs of postural changes as protection against cold? (2)

A

• Curling up.
• Huddling up.

57
Q

Anatomical adaptations in cold environments of polar bears? (4)

A

• Large feet with soft fat pads.
• Blubber.
• Long snout.
• Dark skin to absorb solar radiation.

58
Q

Countercurrent heat exchange systems?

A

= transfer of heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions.

59
Q

Countercurrent heat exchange system attributes? (2)

A

• Reduces heat loss to the environment.
• Facilitated by anatomical arrangement of blood vessels.

60
Q

Eg of animal that uses Countercurrent heat exchange?

A

Arctic fox.

61
Q

Countercurrent heat exchange applications? (2)

A

• Fish gills.
• Kidneys in loop of Henle.

62
Q

Types of countercurrent heat exchangers? (3)

A

• Venae comitantes system.
• Peri-arterial venous plexus system.
• Rete tibiotarsale.

63
Q

Venae comitantes system?

A

= central artery is surrounded by a no. of anastomosing veins.

64
Q

Peri-arterial venous plexus system?

A

= central rete is surrounded by many small veins.

65
Q

Rete tibiotarsale system?

A

= rete of small intertwining arteries & veins.

66
Q

Egs of animals with Venae comitantes system? (2)

A

• Penguin forelimbs.
• Beaver hindlimbs.

67
Q

Eg of animals with Peri-arterial venous plexus system?

A

• Cetacean flippers, flukes & dorsal fins.

68
Q

Egs of animals with Rete tibiotarsale system? (2)

A

• Flamingos.
• Ducks.

69
Q

Types of thermogenesis? (2)

A

• Shivering thermogenesis.
• Non-shivering thermogenesis.

70
Q

Shivering thermogenesis attributes? (2)

A

• Increases metabolic heat production via rhythmic oscillatory muscle contractions.
• Costs energy.

71
Q

Non-shivering thermogenesis attributes? (3)

A

• Increases metabolic heat production without muscle activity.
• Occurs in brown fat.
• Exist to produce heat using uncoupling proteins.

72
Q

Ways to deal with cold relating to thermogenesis? (2)

A

• Torpor.
• Hibernation.

73
Q

Torpor?

A

= controlled reduction in Tb & MR accompanied by inactivity.

74
Q

Benefit of torpor?

A

Conserves 80-90% of energy.

75
Q

Egs of animals that go into torpor? (2)

A

• Grey mouse lemur.
• Hummingbirds.

76
Q

What does entry into torpor depend on? (3)

A

• Energy demand.
• Energy intake.
• Body mass.

77
Q

Hibernation?

A

= deep or prolonged torpor (winter dormancy).

78
Q

Hibernation attributes? (2)

A

• Decrease MR & Tb for weeks or months.
• Arouse periodically.

79
Q

Egs of animals that use hibernation? (2)

A

• Arctic ground squirrels.
• Bats.

80
Q

Arctic ground squirrels attributes? (4)

A

• Lowest endotherm Tb (-2.9⁰C).
• Most extreme hibernator.
• Uses supercooling (anti-freeze).
• Controlled down regulation.

81
Q

When & where does ice formation occur?

A

In supercooled water.

82
Q

What does ice formation depend on? (3)

A

• Temperature.
• Time.
• Presence of ice nucleus.

83
Q

Cold hardiness?

A

= physiological & biochemical characteristics that allow ectotherms to survive at sub-zero temperatures.

84
Q

Cold hardiness strategies/categories? (2)

A

• Freeze intolerance/avoidance.
• Freeze tolerance.

85
Q

Freeze avoiders attributes? (4)

A

• Synthesise cryoprotectants (many freeze-avoidant ectotherms).
• Produce antifreeze proteins (some freeze-avoidant ectotherms).
• Die if any internal ice is formed.
• Avoid formation of ice.

86
Q

Egs of cryoprotectants? (3)

A

• Urea.
• Glycerol.
• Glucose.

87
Q

Pros of cryoprotectants? (2)

A

• Depress the organism’s freezing point.
• Enhance supercooling.

88
Q

Pro of antifreeze proteins?

A

Inhibit ice crystal growth by regulating the ice crystal growth.

89
Q

Freeze tolerance?

A

= where species survive extensive freezing.

90
Q

How do freeze-tolerant species survive?

A

Initiate freezing with ice nucleating particles just below the freezing point to allow slow ice crystal formation, but restrict the ice formation to the extracellular space.

91
Q

Eg of organisms that are freeze-tolerant?

A

Alaskan wood frog.

92
Q

Which is better between freeze-avoidance & freeze-tolerance?

A

Freeze-tolerance.

93
Q

Cell response to extracellular freezing steps/process? (4)

A

● Unfrozen cell.

● Extracellular freezing begins (cells lose water via osmosis).

● Freezing without protection
- cells shrink & permanent damage to membrane.

● Freezing with protection
- cell volume reduction.
- ice management.
- antifreeze.

94
Q

Egs of biochemical adaptations? (2)

A

• Accumulate high concentration of solutes (cryoprotectants).
• Produce antifreeze proteins.

ANIMAL (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions