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ANIMAL > Comparative Anatomy & Physiology: Respiratory System (W12b) > Flashcards

Comparative Anatomy & Physiology: Respiratory System (W12b) Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system function?

A

Exchange of gases (O2 & CO2) between an ambient medium (outside) and body fluid.

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2
Q

Respiration stages? (2)

A

• External respiration.
• Internal respiration.

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3
Q

External respiration?

A

= breathing (inhalation & exhalation).

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4
Q

Internal respiration?

A

= exchange of gases between cells of the body & blood.

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5
Q

Cellular respiration types? (2)

A

• Aerobic respiration.
• Anaerobic respiration.

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6
Q

Cellular respiration?

A

= all the metabolic processes within the cell that produce energy through the oxidation of food material.

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7
Q

“Respiration” for small unicellular animals attributes? (2)

A

• Via diffusion of CO2 & O2.
• Cytoplasmic streaming.

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8
Q

Organisms using diffusion for respiration?

A

Small unicellular animals.

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9
Q

Fick’s law?

A

= state that the rate of diffusion of a substance across a surface/membrane is proportional to the concentration gradient.

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10
Q

Fick’s law/Rate of diffusion formula?

A

Rate of diffusion = k × A × (P2–P1)/D

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11
Q

Label symbols of Fick’s law formula? (4)

A

• k = diffusion constant.
• A = area for gas exchange.
• P2–P1 = difference in the partial pressure of gas on either side of barrier to diffusion.
• D = distance (thickness of barrier to diffusion).

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12
Q

What does the diffusion constant depend on?

A

The solubility of gas & temperature.

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13
Q

Criteria for efficient respiratory surfaces? (5)

A

• Large SA.
• Thin.
• Moist (for O2 & CO2 in solution).
• Vascularized.
• Facilitates diffusion.

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14
Q

Respiration kind that uses the skin as a respiratory structure?

A

Cutaneous respiration.

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15
Q

Cutaneous respiration?

A

= gas exchange that occurs across the skin.

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16
Q

Cutaneous respiration attributes? (3)

A

• Requires a moist surface.
• Inefficient in organisms >1kg.
• used by organisms that have elongated cylindrical/flat shapes to increase SA.

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17
Q

Egs of organisms that use Cutaneous respiration? (4)

A

• Worms.
• Fish.
• Amphibians.
• Reptiles.

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18
Q

Egs of exceptions of Cutaneous respiration? (2)

A

• Flat-headed frog.
• Lungless caecilian.

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19
Q

Lungless vertebrates attributes? (2)

A

• Live in cold & fast flowing streaming.
• Lungs disadvantage buoyancy.

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20
Q

Why do lungless vertebrates live in cold & fast flowing streams?

A

It’s because there’s more O2.

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21
Q

Cold & fast flowing streams attributes? (2)

A

• More O2.
• Low MR.

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22
Q

Specialized respiratory organs? (4)

A

• Trachae.
• External gills.
• Internal gills.
• Lungs.

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23
Q

Specialized respiratory organs attributes? (3)

A

• Enlarged surface.
• Thin.
• Facilitates gas exchange.

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24
Q

Trachae?

A

= air-filled tubes which facilitate diffusion to all cells of the body.

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25
Q

Egs of oganisms using Trachae as a respiratory organ? (2)

A

• Insects.
• Arachnids (via book lungs).

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26
Q

Book lung?

A

= air-filled cavity in underside of the abdomen.

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27
Q

Book lungs operation?

A

Haemolymph flows between layers of the air pockets (lamellae) for gas exchange.

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28
Q

Difference between gills & lungs?

A

● Lungs = invaginated into the body.

● Gills = evaginated from the body/extension of body surface.

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29
Q

Difference between external gills & internal gills?

A

● External gills = project into medium.

● Internal gills = enclosed within a superficial body cavity.

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30
Q

Organism that’s an exception of lungs vs gills?

A

Sea cucumbers (respiratory tree is invaginated structured).

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31
Q

Gills function?

A

To enable gas exchange in water through increased SA.

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32
Q

External gills?

A

= branchial filaments exposed to the environment.

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33
Q

Egs of organisms with external gills? (2)

A

• Axoloti.
• Hairy frog.

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34
Q

Axoloti attribute?

A

Uses forceful fluttering to ensure convective movement of water (“waving”).

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35
Q

Hairy frog attributes? (2)

A

Has dermal papillae which enable high O2 attainability.

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36
Q

Internal gills?

A

= gills enclosed within a superficial body cavity.

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37
Q

2b “types”? (2)

A

• Opercular gills.
• Septal gills.

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38
Q

Opercular gills?

A

= gills with many major gill arches that provide skeletal support & vascular supply.

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39
Q

Eg of fish with Opercular gills?

A

Teleost fish.

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40
Q

Septal gills?

A

= gills where the gill filaments & lamellae attach to the interbranchial septum.

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41
Q

Gill arches functions? (2)

A

• Skeletal support.
• Vascular supply.

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42
Q

Secondary gill lamellae function?

A

Facilitate efficient gas exchange by increased SA.

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43
Q

Secondary gill lamellae?

A

= densely packed semi-circular plates within each gill filament.

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44
Q

Secondary gill lamellae attributes? (2)

A

• Principle site of gas exchange.
• Use countercurrent heat exchange.

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45
Q

Eg of oganisms with Septal gills?

A

Sharks.

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46
Q

Gill ventilation?

A

= where water is forced over gills by a favourable buccal-opercular pressure gradient throughout most if the respiration cycle.

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47
Q

Gill ventilation attributes? (3)

A

• Dual pump (buccal & opercular pumps) mechanic drives one-way water flow.
• Have an initial suction phase then a force phase.
• Reduces energy costs of reversing water flow.

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48
Q

Phases of gill ventilation? (2)

A

• Suction phase.
• Force phase.

49
Q

Explain suction phase? (2)

A

● In the initial suction phase, the fish depresses the floor of its mouth & the buccal cavity expands.

● This creates a low intraoral pressure so that water flows in along pressure gradient when the mouth opens.

50
Q

Explain the force phase?

A

During the force phase, the mouth closes and the fish raises the floor of its mouth to compress the buccal cavity.

51
Q

Ram ventilation?

A

= where water is being forced over the gills by fast swimming movements.

52
Q

Ram ventilation is AKA?

A

Just keep swimming.

53
Q

Ram ventilation attributes? (2)

A

• Fish swim with their mouths partly open.
• Obligate ram ventilators.

54
Q

Why is it called a Obligate ram ventilator?

A

It’s because these fish must swim continuously to avoid suffocation.

55
Q

Egs of organisms using ram ventilation? (2)

A

• Tuna.
• Lamnid fish (fast swimming sharks).

56
Q

Gill SA attributes? (2)

A

• Depends on the no. of filaments, no. of gill arches, lamellae.
• Correlates with BM & Metabolic demands.

57
Q

What does Gill SA depend on? (3)

A

• No. of filaments.
• No. of gill arches.
• No. of lamellae.

58
Q

How does Gill SA correlate with BM & Metabolic demands?

A

More swimming, Increases Metabolic demand.

59
Q

What do gills manipulate for efficient gas exchange from the Fick’s law formula? (2)

A

• SA (A).
• Distance (D).

60
Q

Major evolutionary pressures/trends on respiratory structures? (3)

A

• High cellular MR (evolution of endothermy).
• Large multicellular animals.
• Shift from breathing water to air.

61
Q

Aquatic respiration types? (2)

A

• Gill ventilation.
• Ram ventilation.

62
Q

Respiration categories? (6)

A

• Aquatic fish respiration.
• Air-breathing fish respiration.
• Amphibian respiration.
• Reptilian respiration.
• Mammalian respiration.
• Bird respiration.

63
Q

Aerial respiration attributes? (2)

A

• Facilitates gas exchange rates at lower metabolic cost (high diffusion gradient).
• Bidirectional flow.

64
Q

Aquatic respiration attributes? (2)

A

• High ventilation costs limits MR of aquatic animals (via density, viscosity & low O2 availability of water).
• Unidirectional flow.

65
Q

Difference between Aquatic respiration & Aerial respiration?

A

● Aquatic respiration = unidirectional flow.

● Aerial respiration = bidirectional flow.

66
Q

Con of aerial respiration?

A

Potential water loss by evaporation.

67
Q

Why are gills not suited for aerial respiration?

A

It’s because gills tend to collapse & lamellae stick together which decreases SA.

68
Q

Air-breathing fish types? (2)

A

• Amphibious air breathers.
• Bimodal (aquatic air) breathers.

69
Q

Egs of Air-breathing fish? (3)

A

• Mudskippers.
• Catfish.
• Lungfish.

70
Q

Amphibious air breathers?

A

= organisms that use cutaneous respiration through the mouth & throat.

71
Q

Bimodal (aquatic air) breathers?

A

= organisms that remain aquatic while breathing/gulping air at the super supersaturated water surface.

72
Q

Most specialized air-breathing fish found in tropical freshwater & are subject to drought and hypoxia?

A

Lungfish.

73
Q

Lungfish?

A

= fish that use gills and lungs (modified swim bladder).

74
Q

Lungfish attributes? (4)

A

• Basal fish had lungs.
• Lungs resemble amphibian lungs with faveoli.
• Burrow into mud & estivate during dry seasons.
• Secrete a cocoon of mucus.

75
Q

Egs of air-breathing organs? (5)

A

• Gills.
• Lungs.
• Buccal, branchial & opercular chambers.
• Skin.
• Oesophagus.

76
Q

Amphibian respiration attributes? (3)

A

• Diversity in respiratory systems.
• Rely on variable extent of cutaneous, buccal & gill exchange.
• Gills are lost when amphibian larvae metamorphosize into adults.

77
Q

Amphibian lungs attributes? (4)

A

• Simple membranous lung.
• Similar to Lungfish.
• Have convoluted internal membrane (increase SA).
• Breathes through a positive pressure buccal pump that forces air into the lungs.

78
Q

Frog breathing stages?

A

● Inspiration
• Stage 1.
• Stage 2.

● Expiration
• Stage 3.
• Stage 4.

79
Q

Inspiration Stage 1? (2)

A

• Nostrils open.
• Buccal cavity expands.

80
Q

Inspiration Stage 2? (4)

A

• Nostrils close.
• Glottis opens.
• Buccal cavity contracts.
• Lungs expand.

81
Q

Expiration Stage 3? (2)

A

• Buccal cavity expands.
• Lungs contract.

82
Q

Expiration Stage 4? (3)

A

• Nostrils open.
• Glottis closes.
• Buccal cavity contracts.

83
Q

Reptilian respiration attributes? (3)

A

• Septate lungs with partitions (increase SA).
• Aspirate into lungs by a negative intrapulmonary pressure.
• Incomplete diaphragm membrane.

84
Q

What do we mean intrapulmonary pressure?

A

We mean that the intercostal muscles expand & contract the ribcage.

85
Q

Reptile group that don’t use intrapulmonary pressure?

A

Chelonians.

86
Q

Egs of Reptiles with an incomplete diaphragm membrane? (3)

A

• Lizards.
• Snakes.
• Crocodiles.

87
Q

Reptilian lungs attributes? (4)

A

• Gas exchange occurs within ediculi & faveoli.
• Anterior vascularized portion (respiratory region).
• Posterior non-vascularized portion (saccular region).
• Air is pumped back & forth between faveolar & air sac portion during breath holding.

88
Q

Egs of interesting Reptilian respiration? (2)

A

• Crocodile respiration.
• Chelonians respiration.

89
Q

Crocodile respiration attributes? (3)

A

• Inspiration is due to contraction of diaphragmaticus muscle.
• Diaphragmatic muscle connects liver & pelvic girdle.
• Expiration is due to contraction of abdominal muscle.

90
Q

Chelonians respiration attributes? (4)

A

• Rigid carapace limits expansion capacity of chest.
• Non-muscular septum between thoracic & abdominal cavity.
• Extension of pectoral & pelvic limbs aspirates air into lungs (negative pressure).
• Exhalation & breath holding caused by limb contraction.

91
Q

Sites for gas exchange in Reptilian lungs? (2)

A

• Ediculi.
• Faveoli.

92
Q

Chelonians include? (2)

A

• Turtles.
• Tortoises.

93
Q

Mammalian lungs attributes? (3)

A

• Branching of trachae into smaller bronchi & bronchioles (“Respiratory tree”).
• Many alveoli at the end of bronchioles (large SA).
• Respiratory surface is thin & moist to enable rapid diffusion.

94
Q

Mammalian respiration attributes? (4)

A

• Contraction of muscular diaphragm & movement of ribcage.
• Inspiration & Expiration.
• Negative intrapulmonary pressure.
• Passive process (elastic recoil).

95
Q

Inspiration process in Mammalian respiration? (3)

A

• Air flows in.
• Diaphragm contracts.
• Ribs move up & out.

96
Q

Expiration process in Mammalian respiration? (3)

A

• Air flows out.
• Diaphragm relaxes.
• Ribs move down & in.

97
Q

Diaphragm?

A

= sheet of muscular & connective tissue that separates the thoracic & abdominal cavities.

98
Q

Exhalation in Mammals =…?

A

Passive process.

99
Q

Bird lungs attributes? (6)

A

• Most specialized respiration system.
• Complex series of thin-walled air sacs.
• Not used in gas exchange.
• Parabronchi function as gas exchange surface.
• Capillaries extend radially.
• Cross-current gas exchange.

100
Q

Parabronchi?

A

= parallel cylindrical tubes.

101
Q

Bird respiration attributes? (2)

A

• Air sacs enable a bellow mechanism to ensure unidirectional air flow.
• 2 cycle aspiration pump.

102
Q

Birds respiration stages/process? (4)

A

● Inspiration (happen simultaneously)
• Step 1.
• Step 3.

● Expiration (happen simultaneously)
• Step 2.
• Step 4.

103
Q

Inspiration Step 1?

A

Fresh air bypasses the lungs to the posterior air sacs.

104
Q

Exhalation Step 2?

A

Fresh air moves out of the posterior air sacs into the lungs.

105
Q

Inhalation Step 3?

A

Anterior air sacs fill with stale air.

106
Q

Exhalation Step 4?

A

Stable air exits from anterior air sacs.

107
Q

Step 1 =…?

A

1st Inhalation.

108
Q

Step 2=…?

A

1st Exhalation.

109
Q

Step 3 =…?

A

2nd Inhalation.

110
Q

Step 4=…?

A

2nd Exhalation.

111
Q

Patterns of gas exchange? (2)

A

• Unidirectional ventilation.
• Tidal ventilation/Bidirectional.

112
Q

Unidirectional ventilation types? (2)

A

• Countercurrent gas exchange.
• Cross-current gas exchange.

113
Q

Tidal ventilation type?

A

Uniform “pool”.

114
Q

Countercurrent gas exchange?

A

= where blood flows in the opposite direction to the medium (high partial pressure gradient).

115
Q

Cross-current gas exchange?

A

= where blood flows at an angle relative to the flow of the medium.

116
Q

Where can one find cross-current gas exchange?

A

Bird gills.

117
Q

Where can one find countercurrent gas exchange?

A

Fish gills.

118
Q

Uniform “pool” in Tidal ventilation attributes? (2)

A

• “Pooling” decreases O2.
• Reach equilibrium.

119
Q

Where can one find Uniform “pool” gas exchange?

A

Mammalian lungs.

ANIMAL (21 decks)

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