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ANIMAL > Teeth (W6b) > Flashcards

Teeth (W6b) Flashcards

1
Q

Tooth anatomy? (6)

A

• Enamel.
• Dentin.
• Pulp chamber.
• Cementum.
• Alveolus.
• Periodontal ligaments.

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2
Q

Tooth primary anatomy? (2)

A

• Crown.
• Root.

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3
Q

Enamel?

A

= hardest, outer covering of the tooth.

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4
Q

Enamel function?

A

Protects the tooth.

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5
Q

Dentin?

A

= soft covering that makes up the bulk of the tooth.

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6
Q

Dentin function?

A

Protects the pulp chamber.

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7
Q

Pulp chamber?

A

= cavity containing nerves & blood vessels.

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8
Q

Pulp chamber function?

A

Formation & nutrition of the dentin.

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9
Q

Cementum?

A

= outer layer covering the dentin in the root area.

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10
Q

Cementum function?

A

Tooth anchorage.

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11
Q

Alveolus?

A

= tooth socket.

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12
Q

Alveolus function?

A

Secures the tooth.

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13
Q

Periodontal ligament?

A

= soft connective tissue within the alveolus.

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14
Q

Periodontal ligament function?

A

Attaches the tooth to the alveolar bone.

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15
Q

How are teeth structurally heterogenous?

A

They contain enamel (96% hydroxyapatite) & dentin (45% hydroxyapatite, 33% collagen, 20% water).

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16
Q

What does Young’s modulus indicate?

A

= how bouncy a material is.

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17
Q

Enamel attributes? (3)

A

• 96% Hydroxyapatite.
• Young’s modulus = glass.
• Harder than steel (Mohns hardness=5).

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18
Q

Dentin attributes? (3)

A

• 45% Hydroxyapatite, 33% collagen, 20% water.
• Young’s modulus = wood.
• Soft as gold (Mohns hardness = 3).

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19
Q

Why are teeth structured heterogenously with dentin being behind enamel?

A

With enamel being like glass it is the first strong layer preventing cracks & with dentin following the enamel being soft and spongy it acts as a shock absorber. Together, they stop cracks through them being structured & functioning differently but serving the same purpose of tooth protection.

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20
Q

Analogy of structural heterogeneity of teeth?

A

Safety glass.

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21
Q

Explain analogue of the structural heterogeneity of teeth?

A

With safety glass being layered with glass-plastic interlayer-glass, it ensures maximum protection. Therefore, teeth are designed in a way similar to safety glass with enamel being the glass & dentin being the plastic interlayer to act as the shock absorber.

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22
Q

Tooth development steps? (5)

A

● Mesoderm from 1st visceral arch forms dental papillae in developing jaw.

● These differentiate into odontoblasts, which form dentin & pulp cavity.

● Odontoblasts remain inside the tooth & constantly secrete dentin.

● Ectoderm from the 1st visceral arch & associated neural crest cells differentiate into ameloblasts (lay down enamel).

● Ameloblasts die after laying down enamel & the tooth crown erupts.

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23
Q

Organisms associated with evolutionary origins of teeth? (2)

A

• Sharks.
• Rays.

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24
Q

Evolutionary origins of teeth?

A

Seen in sharks & rays through them having placoid scales, which have a pulp cavity, dentin & an enamel-like coating.

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25
Q

Placoid scales components? (3)

A

• Enamel-like coating.
• Dentin.
• Pulp cavity.

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26
Q

Origin of teeth hypotheses? (2)

A

• “Outside-in” hypothesis.
• “Inside-out” hypothesis.

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27
Q

“Outside-in” hypothesis?

A

= states that dermal scales on the earliest gnathostome jaws were co-opted as teeth.

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28
Q

“Inside-out” hypothesis?

A

= states that tooth-like features on the internal portions of gills move towards the mouth to become teeth.

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29
Q

Dental pattern types? (2)

A

• Homodont teeth.
• Heterodont teeth.

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30
Q

Homodont teeth?

A

= teeth that are similar in shape along the tooth row.

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31
Q

Heterodont teeth?

A

= teeth that differ in size & shape along the tooth row.

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32
Q

Heterodont teeth types? (4)

A

• Incisors.
• Canines.
• Premolars.
• Molars.

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33
Q

Incisors?

A

= the anteriormost teeth.

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34
Q

Incisors function?

A

Nipping.

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35
Q

Canine function?

A

Piercing.

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36
Q

Premolars function?

A

Processing food.

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37
Q

Molars function?

A

Processing food.

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38
Q

Mammalian dental formula?

A

= formula of the number of incisors, canines, premolars & molars on the upper & lower sides of the mouth.

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39
Q

Human dental formula?

A

2123/2123

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40
Q

Elephant dental formula?

A

1033/0033

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41
Q

Tooth attachment types? (3) APT

A

• Acrodont attachment.
• Pleurodont attachment.
• Thecodont attachment.

42
Q

Acrodont tooth attachment?

A

= sit flat on jawbone.

43
Q

Pleurodont tooth attachment?

A

= attach on medial side.

44
Q

Thecodont tooth attachment?

A

= sit in sockets.

45
Q

Eg of Acrodont attachment animal?

A

Frogs.

46
Q

Eg of Pleurodont attachment animal?

A

Lizards.

47
Q

Eg of Thecodont attachment animal?

A

Crocodiles.

48
Q

Tooth replacement types? (3)

A

• Diphyodont.
• Polyphyodont.
• Ever-growing.

49
Q

Diphyodont?

A

= two sets of teeth in an organism’s lifetime (milk teeth & adult teeth).

50
Q

Polyphyodont?

A

= unlimited set of teeth in an organism’s lifetime.

51
Q

Ever-growing tooth replacement?

A

= teeth never stop growing in an organism’s lifetime.

52
Q

Egs of Polyphyodont organisms? (2)

A

• Manatees.
• Kangaroos.

53
Q

Egs of diphyodont organisms?

A

Almost all mammals.

54
Q

Egs of organisms with ever-growing tooth replacement? (2)

A

• Deer-pigs.
• Hamsters.

55
Q

Explain mammalian tooth cusp evolution? (2)

A

● Early mammals had triconodont teeth with one primary cusp & two accessory cusps.

● Cusps then diversified into a more complicated series, tribosphenic teeth with specialized areas for cutting (trigonid) & crushing (talonid).

56
Q

Triconodont teeth?

A

= teeth with one primary cusp & two accessory cusps.

57
Q

Tribosphenic teeth?

A

= teeth with specialized areas for cutting (trigonid) & crushing (talonid).

58
Q

Mammalian tooth cusp shapes? (6)

A

• Selenodont cusp/teeth.
• Lophodont cusp/teeth.
• Secodont cusp/teeth.
• Bunodont cusp/teeth.
• Zalambdodont cusp/teeth.
• Dilambdodont cusp/teeth.

59
Q

Herbivores tooth cusp shapes? (2)

A

• Selenodont cusp/teeth.
• Lophodont cusp/teeth.

60
Q

Carnivores tooth cusp shape?

A

Secodont cusp/teeth.

61
Q

Omnivore tooth cusp shape?

A

Bunodont cusp/teeth.

62
Q

Insectivore tooth cusp shapes? (2)

A

• Zalambdodont cusp/teeth.
• Dilambdodont cusp/teeth.

63
Q

Selenodont tooth cusp?

A

= crescent moon-shaped enamel ridges.

64
Q

Eg of organism with Selenodont teeth?

A

Springboks.

65
Q

Lophodont tooth cusp?

A

= complex enamel folds.

66
Q

Eg of organism with Lophodont teeth?

A

Elephants.

67
Q

Secodont tooth cusp?

A

= like slicing blades.

68
Q

Eg of organism with Secodont teeth?

A

Lions.

69
Q

Bunodont tooth cusp?

A

= low, rounded cusps.

70
Q

Egs of organisms with Bunodont teeth? (2)

A

• Humans.
• Pigs.

71
Q

Zalambdodont tooth cusp?

A

= V-shaped cutting ridges.

72
Q

Eg of organism with Zalambdodont teeth?

A

Golden mole.

73
Q

Dilambdodont tooth cusp?

A

= W-shaped cutting ridges.

74
Q

Eg of organism with Dilambdodont teeth?

A

Bats.

75
Q

Enamel attributes? (2)

A

• Hardest.
• Wears slowly.

76
Q

Dentin attributes? (2)

A

• Softer than enamel.
• Wears more quickly.

77
Q

Cementum attributes? (2)

A

• Softest.
• Wears rapidly.

78
Q

How do mammals exploit the heterogenous tooth material?

A

By the tooth composing of enamel, dentin & cementum it allows them, as a unit, to maintain a grinding surface as the tooth wears.

79
Q

What information does tooth shape offer?

A

It offers a good prediction of an animal’s diet & ecology.

80
Q

Which field benefits from the information obtained from tooth shape?

A

Paleontology.

81
Q

Teeth of soft-bodied insect eaters?

A

Have no enamel.

82
Q

Egs of insectivores that eat soft-bodied insects? (2)

A

• Long nose armadillo.
• Anteater.

83
Q

Teeth of hard-bodied insect eaters?

A

Have either zalambdodont or dilambdodont teeth.

84
Q

Egs of insectivores that eat hard-bodied insects? (2)

A

• Common moles.
• Bats.

85
Q

Organisms with Bunodont teeth? (2)

A

• Omnivores.
• Granivores.

86
Q

Special teeth observed in carnivores, especially snakes?

A

Recurved conical teeth.

87
Q

Herbivore types? (2)

A

• Grazers.
• Browsers.

88
Q

Grazers?

A

= herbivores that feed on grass.

89
Q

Browsers?

A

= herbivores that feed on leaves.

90
Q

Phytoliths?

A

= hard parts in plants that induce tooth wear.

91
Q

How do grazers combat tooth wear from phytoliths?

A

By having hypsodont teeth which are high crowned.

92
Q

Hypsodont teeth attributes? (2)

A

• High crowns.
• Low, short roots.

93
Q

Brachyodont teeth attributes? (2)

A

• Low, short crowns.
• High roots.

94
Q

Grazers teeth?

A

Hypsodont teeth.

95
Q

Browsers teeth?

A

Brachyodont teeth.

96
Q

Hypsodont index (HI)?

A

= the ratio of the height of a tooth crown to its width.

97
Q

High HI means…?

A

Grazer.

98
Q

Low HI means…?

A

Browser.

99
Q

Eg of grazer?

A

Blue wildebeest.

100
Q

Eg of browser?

A

Kudu.

101
Q

In between grazer & browser teeth?

A

Mesodont teeth.

ANIMAL (21 decks)

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