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ANIMAL > FC1: Flight In Archaeopteryx (W10a) > Flashcards

FC1: Flight In Archaeopteryx (W10a) Flashcards

1
Q

Organisms where flight evolved independently? (5)

A

• Insects 1.
• Insects 2.
• Pterosaurs.
• Birds.
• Bats.

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2
Q

What does “evolved independently” mean?

A

= when similar features (in this case, wings) evolved at different periods in time.

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3
Q

Where did wings derive from in vertebrates?

A

From existing limbs/appendages.

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4
Q

Explain the principle of “All intermediate states/stages must be advantageous”?

A

Means that all stages of the evolution of an organism must serve the organism in a way that enables its survival/adaptation to the environment.

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5
Q

Eg of intermediate stages?

A

Gliding.

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6
Q

Exaptation?

A

= feature that is used for something other than its original function.

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7
Q

Egs of exaptations in dinosaur ancestor to birds? (4)

A

• Feathers.
• Pneumatic bones.
• Associated air sacs.
• Efficient respiratory system.

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8
Q

Pneumatic bones?

A

= bones that contain many air cells & are therefore hollow.

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9
Q

Pneumatic bones is AKA?

A

Hollow bones.

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10
Q

Things to note regarding exaptation?

A

Exaptations didn’t exist to enable the survival of the organism in their environment, i.e., they were not adaptations/Intermediate stages.

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11
Q

Why are the forelimbs of bipedal dinosaurs vestigial?

A

Vestigial due to reduced need.

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12
Q

Flight evolution in insects attributes? (2)

A

• Insects were the only invertebrates to evolve flight.
• Have groups with independent evolution of flight.

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13
Q

Groups with independent evolution of flight? (2)

A

• Dragonflies & Mayflies.
• Other insects.

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14
Q

Feature of flight in 1st group?

A

Flight muscles are attached directly to the wings (direct flight).

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15
Q

Why are the flight muscles in 1st group attached the way they are?

A

To prevent folding.

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16
Q

Feature of flight in 2nd group?

A

Flight muscles are attached to the exoskeleton of the thorax, indirectly causing wings to beat (indirect flight).

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17
Q

Result of flight attachment in 2nd group?

A

Cause wings to beat.

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18
Q

Basis of independent evolution of flight?

A

Flight muscle attachment.

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19
Q

Exception to 2nd group?

A

Butterflies.

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20
Q

Egs of Archosaurian reptiles? (2)

A

• Crocodiles.
• Birds.

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21
Q

Flight evolution in Bats attributes? (6)

A

• Modified tetrapod forelimbs.
• Ancestor arboreal glider.
• Important host of viruses.
• Widely distributed.
• 1000 species.
• Onychoryctenis finneryi = link to flightless ancestor.

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22
Q

Onychoryctenis finneryi attributes? (2)

A

• Link to flightless ancestor.
• 1st fossil showing bat flight.

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23
Q

Flight evolution in Birds attributes? (3)

A

• 4 lineages of bird survived Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction (66mya).
• Keeled sternum development.
• Furcula development.

24
Q

Name lineages of bird that survived extinction event 66mya? (4)

A

• Paleognathae.
• Anseriformes.
• Galliformes.
• Neoaves.

25
Q

Paleognathae animals include? (2)

A

• Ostriches.
• Relatives (Ratites).

26
Q

Neognathae animals include? (3)

A

• Anseriformes.
• Galliformes.
• Neoaves.

27
Q

Anseriformes include?

A

Ducks and relatives.

28
Q

Galliformes include?

A

Ground-living fowls.

29
Q

Neoaves include?

A

“Modern birds”.

30
Q

What do birds require for flight? (2)

A

• Keeled sternum.
• Furcula.

31
Q

Keeled sternum function?

A

Site for muscle attachment.

32
Q

Furcula function?

A

Strengthens the thoracic skeleton to enable it to withstand the rigors of flight.

33
Q

Furcula is AKA?

A

Wishbone.

34
Q

Modern flighted birds attributes? (2)

A

• Keeled sternum.
• Furcula.

35
Q

Archaeopteryx breakdown? (2)

A

• “Archaeo” = ancient.
• “pteryx” = winged fossil.

36
Q

Archaeopteryx lithographica attributes? (6)

A

• Discovered in limestone quarries in Bavaria, Berlin.
• Pigeon sized.
• Described from feather then complete specimen.
• Found in Jurassic period (140-160mya).
• Has many reptilian features.
• Has flight & contour feathers.

37
Q

Why species name of lithographica?

A

From lithographic plating.

38
Q

Reptilian features of Archaeopteryx? (6)

A

• Long tail with many vertebrae.
• Teeth & jaws.
• Claws.
• No sternum.
• Gastral ribs.
• Metatarsals only partially fused.

39
Q

Avian features of Archaeopteryx? (4)

A

• Feathers.
• Wings.
• Furcula.
• Metatarsals only partially fused.

40
Q

Archaeopteryx attributes/features? (9)

A

• No sternum (R).
• Wings (B).
• Feathers (B).
• Long tail (R).
• Teeth & jaws (R).
• Claws (R).
• Gastral ribs (R).
• Furcula (B).
• Metatarsals only partially fused (R/B).

41
Q

What enabled Archaeopteryx to be discovered whole? (2)

A

• Salty marsh habitat.
• Was entombed before decomposition.

42
Q

Other interesting Archaeopteryx features? (3)

A

• Many specimens with neck pulled back (rigor mortis).
• Showed high, constant Tb.
• Suggested to be endotherm as it’s the only metabolic option for sustained flight.

43
Q

Archaeopteryx inconsistencies? (4)

A

• Powered flight requires powerful flight muscles.
• Birds have a deeply keeled sternum.
• Flight muscles of extant birds is usually at least 15% of body mass.
• Archaeopteryx flight muscles were close to 7%.

44
Q

Muscles pulling wings down?

A

Pectoralis muscle.

45
Q

Muscles pulling muscles up?

A

Supracoracoideus muscle.

46
Q

Archaeopteryx relation/relative?

A

Coelurosaurid dinosaurs.

47
Q

Coelurosaurid dinosaurs attributes? (2)

A

• Cursorial.
• Forelimbs suggest fast runners.

48
Q

Mismatches in Archaeopteryx interpretation? (3)

A

• Archaeopteryx didn’t have enough flight muscle for powered flight.
• Skeleton suggests it was ground living not arboreal.
• Asymmetrical wing feathers suggest flight.

49
Q

Hypotheses for Archaeopteryx? (4)

A

• From the trees down.
• From the ground up.
• Wing-assisted incline running.
• Pouncing proavis-ambush forager.

50
Q

Several alternatives suggested for Archaeopteryx wings use? (5)

A

• Gliding.
• Prey capture.
• Ambush from above.
• Courtship display.
• Partial flight.

51
Q

Archaeopteryx foot characteristics? (3)

A

• Not suited for gripping.
• Inner toe is short & high on the ankle.
• Claw wear suggests that they were running on the ground.

52
Q

Why is Po of reptile muscle > that of mammals & birds? (3)

A

• Elevated intramuscular contractile fiber concentration (mitochondria-poor).

• High contractile velocities due to accelerated ATP turnover.

• Have less muscle even though they have similar sprint speeds to mammals.

53
Q

What explains the reptilian features of Archaeopteryx?

A

The fact that tendons attach to bony processes/crests.

54
Q

Explain “Tendons attach to bony processes/crests”? (3)

A

• Crest size or insertion area reflects magnitude of muscular force.
• Humeral crest is 12% longer & 60% wider than modern birds.
• Suggests it produces similar power to modern birds.

55
Q

Possibilities that come with Archaeopteryx being ectothermic? (4)

A

• Able to take off from the ground.
• Lacked stamina.
• Have to fly at least 1.5km.
• Shorter flights would have shorter pay back times.

56
Q

Hoatzin bird?

A

= may be a living representation of what Archaeopteryx would’ve looked like even though it is arboreal.

ANIMAL (21 decks)

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