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ANIMAL > Comparative Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System (W11a) > Flashcards

Comparative Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System (W11a) Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion modes? (8)

A

• Deposit feeding.
• Filter feeding.
• Suction feeding.
• Bulk feeding.
• Ram feeding.
• Inertial feeding.
• Fluid feeding.
• Lingual feeding.

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2
Q

Deposit feeders?

A

= animals feed on small particles of organic matter, which are derived by water.

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3
Q

Egs of deposit feeders? (3)

A

• Crabs.
• Sea cucumbers.
• Aquatic insects.

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4
Q

Deposit feeders are AKA?

A

Detritivores.

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5
Q

Exception seen in sea cucumbers?

A

Use tentacles to gather particles.

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6
Q

Filter feeders?

A

= animals that filter small particles or organisms out of the water column.

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7
Q

Filter feeders are AKA?

A

Suspension feeders.

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8
Q

Egs of Filter feeders? (4)

A

• Flamingos.
• Baleen whales.
• Some sharks.
• Bivalves (mussels, oysters, clams).

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9
Q

Benefit of filter feeding?

A

Allows for efficient accumulation of energy through food (esp. in mammals).

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10
Q

How do filter feeders filter feed?

A

By enabling water to pass through specialized filtering organs.

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11
Q

Suction feeders?

A

= feeders where the prey is sucked into the predator’s mouth without the predator moving towards the prey.

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12
Q

Egs of suction feeders? (2)

A

• Fish.
• Amphibians (salamanders).

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13
Q

How does suction feeding occur?

A

By predators expanding the volume fo their oral cavity, which causes a pressure difference that causes prey to move into the mouth.

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14
Q

Bulk feeders?

A

= where feeders bite off and chew a mouthful of prey or swallow prey whole.

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15
Q

Egs of bulk feeders? (3)

A

• Carnivores.
• Herbivores.
• Omnivores.

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16
Q

Ram feeding?

A

= where predator moves forward with mouth open & engulfs prey along with the water surrounding it.

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17
Q

Egs of ram feeders? (2)

A

• Great white shark.
• Some Baleen whales.

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18
Q

Ram feeding is AKA?

A

Lunge feeding.

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19
Q

Ram feeding vs Suction feeding?

A

In former, prey remains in fixed space & the predator moves its jaws past the prey to capture it.

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20
Q

Inertial feeding?

A

= where the inertia of food/prey is used to move it into the oral cavity of the predator.

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21
Q

Inertia?

A

= the tendency of an object to resist any change to its motion.

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22
Q

Egs of inertial feeders? (3)

A

• Crocodiles.
• Birds.
• Some lizards.

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23
Q

Fluid feeding?

A

= where modified mouth parts are used to the pierce skin/plant surface or use of a modified.

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24
Q

Egs of fluid feeders? (4)

A

• Mosquitoes.
• Bees.
• Hummingbirds.
• Some bats.

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25
Q

Hematophagy?

A

= practice where animals feed on blood.

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26
Q

Hematophagy is specific to?

A

Mosquitoes.

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27
Q

Nectarivory?

A

= practice where animals feed on nectar.

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28
Q

Nectarivory is specific to?

A

Hummingbirds.

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29
Q

Sapsuckers?

A

= animals that feed on the sap of trees.

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30
Q

Sapsucking is specific to?

A

Woodpeckers.

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31
Q

Lingual feeding?

A

= where feeders make use of the tongue to snare food.

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32
Q

Egs of lingual feeders? (2)

A

• Frogs.
• Some lizards.

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33
Q

How does lingual feeding occur?

A

By the adaptive use of the hyoid apparatus for food collection.

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34
Q

Digestion?

A

= the breaking down of macromolecules into simpler molecules.

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35
Q

What happens to digested molecules in digestion?

A

Digested molecules are assimilated into the body across the gut wall.

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36
Q

What happens to molecules that are not assimilated?

A

Molecules are expelled from the body as faeces & don’t qualify as excretion.

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37
Q

Process of digestion?

A

Food enters buccal cavity & goes through chemical and mechanical changes as it passes through system.

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38
Q

Sub-divisions of digestion in order? (6)

A

• Buccal cavity.
• Pharynx.
• Esophagus.
• Stomach.
• Small & large intestine.
• Rectum.

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39
Q

Buccal cavity attributes? (4)

A

• Starts at mouth & ends at pharynx.
• Tongue is in floor of cavity.
• Palate forms roof of cavity.
• Has teeth.

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40
Q

Buccal cavity components? (3)

A

• Tongue.
• Palate.
• Teeth.

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41
Q

Palate kinds? (2)

A

• Primary palate.
• Secondary palate.

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42
Q

Primary palate?

A

= palate that has nasal passageways that empty into the buccal cavity.

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43
Q

Egs of animals with Primary palate only? (3)

A

• Some birds.
• Amphibians.
• Some reptiles.

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44
Q

Secondary palate?

A

= palate that extends to the pharyngeal cavity & contains internal nares.

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45
Q

Internal nares?

A

= air passages.

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46
Q

Egs of animals with Secondary palate? (2)

A

• Mammals.
• Crocodiles.

47
Q

Pro of Secondary palate?

A

Enables breathing through the mouth.

48
Q

Pharynx?

A

= from back of buccal cavity to start of esophagus.

49
Q

Esophagus?

A

= muscular tube connecting pharynx & stomach.

50
Q

Crop?

A

= out pocketing of esophagus.

51
Q

Crop function?

A

Stores food.

52
Q

Crop is found in which organisms?

A

Birds (specialized).

53
Q

What does crop produce?

A

Pigeon’s milk.

54
Q

Stomach functions? (2)

A

• Stores food.
• Digests food.

55
Q

Cardiac sphincter function?

A

Prevents backflow to the esophagus.

56
Q

Pyloric sphincter function?

A

Regulates the entrance of acidic chyme to the small intestine.

57
Q

Stomach mucus function?

A

Protects stomach.

58
Q

What does stomach produce? (3)

A

• Pepsin digesting proteins.
• HCl.
• Mucus.

59
Q

HCl function?

A

Breaks down food.

60
Q

Stomach types? (3)

A

• Monogastric (1 chambered).
• Proventiculus & gizzard (gastroliths).
• Ruminants (4 chambered).

61
Q

Pancreas functions? (2)

A

• Regulates homeostasis.
• Produces many products needed for digestion.

62
Q

What does the Pancreas produce? (5)

A

• Hormones.
• Bicarbonates.
• Trypsin.
• Amylase.
• Lipases.

63
Q

Hormones function?

A

Regulates blood glucose levels.

64
Q

Bicarbonates function?

A

Neutralize stomach acid.

65
Q

Trypsin function?

A

Digests proteins.

66
Q

Amylase function?

A

Digests polysaccharides.

67
Q

Lipases function?

A

Digests lipids.

68
Q

Liver functions? (4)

A

• Remodels biological molecules.
• Stores vitamins & Fe.
• Destroys old blood cells & toxins.
• Produces bile (emulsifier).

69
Q

Bile function?

A

Emulsifier which aids in digestion of fats.

70
Q

Gall bladder function?

A

Stores & concentrates the bile.

71
Q

Glands of interest? (2)

A

• Pancreas.
• Liver.

72
Q

Why don’t rats have a gall bladder?

A

They’re continual feeders (eating all the time).

73
Q

Small intestine?

A

= completion of digestion.

74
Q

Small intestine components? (3)

A

• Duodenum.
• Jejunum.
• Ilium.

75
Q

Small intestine function?

A

Absorbs nutrients & some water.

76
Q

What does small intestine produce? (3)

A

• Mucus.
• Peptidase.
• Sucrases & amylase.

77
Q

Small intestine mucus function?

A

Protects gut wall.

78
Q

Peptidase function?

A

Digests proteins.

79
Q

Sucrases & amylase function?

A

Digests polysaccharides.

80
Q

Large intestine divisions/components? (4)

A

• Caecum.
• Colon.
• Rectum.
• Anus.

81
Q

Large intestine functions? (2)

A

• Reabsorbs water & ions.
• Forms & stores the faeces.

82
Q

Ileocesal valve function?

A

Allows passage from small intestine into large intestine.

83
Q

Caecum function?

A

Aids in absorption of water.

84
Q

Cloaca?

A

= common exit chamber for faecal, urinary & reproductive products to be widened in most animals.

85
Q

Egs of animals with cloaca? (4)

A

• Amphibians.
• Birds.
• Reptiles.
• Some mammals (golden moles).

86
Q

Why are vegetarian diets a problem?

A

Because cells walls of plants consist of cellulose (difficult to break down).

87
Q

Better diet?

A

Meat eaters/diet/non-vegetarian diet as it’s easier to digest.

88
Q

Explain diet & digestive system adaptation/modification?

A
89
Q

Digestive system types? (3)

A

• Monogastric.
• Non-ruminants.
• Ruminants.

90
Q

Monogastric?

A

= simple stomach.

91
Q

Egs of Monogastric animals? (3)

A

• Pigs.
• Humans.
• Cats.

92
Q

Non-ruminants?

A

= simple stomach, but very large & complex large intestine.

93
Q

Egs of Non-ruminant animals? (2)

A

• Horses.
• Rabbits.

94
Q

Ruminants?

A

= multi-chambered stomach.

95
Q

Egs of Ruminant animals? (3)

A

• Cows.
• Camels.
• Deers.

96
Q

Non-ruminants are AKA?

A

Hindgut fermenters.

97
Q

Ruminants are AKA?

A

Foregut fermenters.

98
Q

Non-ruminants rate of passage/digestion time?

A

48 hours.

99
Q

Ruminants rate of food passage/digestion time?

A

80 hours.

100
Q

Digestive strategies?

A
101
Q

Ruminant stomach chambers? (4)

A

• Rumen.
• Reticulum.
• Omasum.
• Abomasum.

102
Q

Layout/Explain the order of digestion in a Ruminant stomach? (4)

A

• Food first travels to the Reticulum (for digestion),
• then the rumen (for mixing & fermentation),
• then the omasum (for filtration)
• & passes through the abomasum to the small intestine.

103
Q

Rumen?

A

= largest of the four chambers.

104
Q

Rumen attributes? (2)

A

• pH = 6-6.4
• Lined with papillae to increase SA.

105
Q

Rumen functions? (2)

A

• Houses bacteria, protozoa & yeast for fermentation.
• Breaks down cellulose & hemicellulose to volatile fatty acids

106
Q

Reticulum?

A

= holding area for ingesta after it passes down esophagus.

107
Q

Reticulum attributes? (2)

A

• Contains microbes.
• Minimal separation with rumen.

108
Q

Reticulum functions? (4)

A

• Provides more area for fermentation.
• Acts as an collection compartment for foreign objects.
• Helps open & close rumen.
• Produce bolus for rumination.

109
Q

Omasum?

A

= heavy, hard organ with many folds.

110
Q

Omasum functions? (3)

A

• Removes moisture.
• Grinds food particles.
• Enables re-swallowed grass to undergo salivary digestive action.

111
Q

Abomasum?

A

= true, glandular stomach.

112
Q

Abomasum functions? (2)

A

• Secretes gastric juices (aid digestion).
• Function like a monogastric stomach.

113
Q

Hoatzin digestion attributes? (5)

A

• Ruminant bird.
• Multi-chambered “stomach”.
• Unusually large crop (folded into 2 chambers).
• Large, multi-chambered lower esophagus.
• Smaller stomach chamber & gizzard.

114
Q

Active foragers attributes? (2)

A

• High SDA.
• High SMR.

ANIMAL (21 decks)

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