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ANIMAL > FC3: Feeding & Body Mass (W11b) > Flashcards

FC3: Feeding & Body Mass (W11b) Flashcards

1
Q

Obesity?

A

= when BMI >30.

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2
Q

Why is obesity prevalent among the poor?

A

It’s because carbohydrates are cheap energy in today’s society.

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3
Q

Energy balance?

A

= involves an animal acquiring as much energy as it spends.

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4
Q

Uses of excess food acquisition by successful animals? (3)

A

• Growth.
• Storage.
• Reproduction.

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5
Q

Growth strategies types? (2)

A

• Determinant growth.
• Indeterminate growth.

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6
Q

Determinant growth?

A

= when an organism has a limited size.

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7
Q

Egs of animals with Determinant growth? (2)

A

• Birds.
• Mammals.

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8
Q

Indeterminate growth?

A

= when an organism continues to grow throughout its lifetime.

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9
Q

Egs of animals with Indeterminate growth? (2)

A

• Snakes.
• Lizards.

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10
Q

Where does Body mass regulation & Thermoregulation occur?

A

Hypothalamus.

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11
Q

Animals that go through periods of negative & positive balance? (4)

A

• Hibernators.
• Migratory birds.
• Pregnant animals.
• Infrequent feeders (snakes).

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12
Q

Factors affecting regulation of balance? (2)

A

• Appetite.
• Satiety.

  • Both controlled by hypothalamus.
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13
Q

Regulators involved in appetite & satiety? (2)

A

• Cytokines leptin.
• Ghrelin.

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14
Q

Leptin?

A

= secreted by fat cells.

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15
Q

Leptin is AKA?

A

Adipokine.

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16
Q

Leptin functions? (2)

A

• Tells hypothalamus that there are lots of reserves (decreases appetite).
• Important for reproductive status (seen in female runners).

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17
Q

Effect of leptin?

A

Decreases consumption, Decreased appetite, Increased BMR.

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18
Q

Leptin in hibernator brain in Autumn?

A

Leptin is ignored in Autumn.

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19
Q

Ghrelin?

A

= secreted by an empty stomach.

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20
Q

Effect of Ghrelin?

A

Increases consumption, Increases appetite, Decreased BMR.

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21
Q

Gastrointestinal distension?

A

= when the abdomen expands due to the accumulation of substances.

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22
Q

Why is gastrointestinal distension important in humans?

A

Assists in regulating the rates of gastric emptying.

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23
Q

Why is gastrointestinal distention important in snakes?

A

Regulates satiation.

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24
Q

Energy regulation in an ecological context attributes? (3)

A

• Body mass is maintained at a set point.
• Set point differs for different individuals.
• Has an important implication for ecological strategies.

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25
Q

How does set point differ in different animals? (2)

A

• Lean animals do better in predictable habitats with plentiful resources.

• Fat animals do better in “feast or famine” habitats.

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26
Q

Other factors affecting energy balance? (3)

A

• Unbalanced diet.
• Trace elements.
• Missing macronutrients.

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27
Q

All factors affecting energy balance? (5)

A

• Appetite.
• Satiety.
• Trace elements.
• Unbalanced diet.
• Missing macronutrients.

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28
Q

How does an unbalanced diet affect energy balance?

A

It causes increased consumption to make up for shortages.

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29
Q

How do missing macronutrients affect energy balance?

A

Cause increased intake.

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30
Q

How do trace elements affect energy balance?

A
31
Q

Protein Leverage Hypothesis?

A

= predicts that a protein appetite will cause excess energy/food intake (and obesity) when the amount of protein in the diet is low.

32
Q

Protein Leverage Hypothesis attributes? (3)

A

• Shows that because protein is a limiting macronutrient, it causes an increase in appetite until protein needs are met.

• Indicates that the energy in human diets needs to have >15% protein.

• States that to increase body mass, one has to increase protein intake.

33
Q

Explain experiment performed in Protein Leverage Hypothesis? (3)

A

• Scientists observed the monkeys in the Amazon jungle eating leaves & counted the no. of leaves eaten by them.

• Scientists then measured the energy content & macronutrients content of the leaves.

• Discovered that the monkeys were eating leaves to reach their minimum protein intake.

34
Q

Dealing with infrequent meals in snakes? (4)

A

• Snakes are extreme bulk feeders.
• Eat their meals whole.
• Can go for long periods without food.
• Seen in ambush foragers.

35
Q

Foraging strategies? (2)

A

• Ambush foragers.
• Active foragers.

36
Q

Ambush foragers attributes? (5)

A

• Low activity levels.
• Low consumption rates.
• Non-selective feeders.
• Prey on active prey.
• High factorial scope.

37
Q

Ambush foragers are AKA?

A

Sit-and-wait foragers.

38
Q

Active foragers attributes? (5)

A

• High activity levels.
• High consumption rates.
• Selective feeders.
• Prey on both inactive & active prey.
• Low factorial scope.

39
Q

Ecological context in foraging attributes? (3)

A

• Well studied in lizards.
• Snakes are good models for digestion.
• MPM & PTM.

40
Q

MPM stands for?

A

Moves per minute.

41
Q

PTM stands for?

A

Percentage time moves.

42
Q

Why are snakes good models for digestion? (2)

A

• Eat whole discrete meals (easier to track).
• Eat infrequently.

43
Q

Where did Srephen Secor conduct his studies?

A

Mojave Desert.

44
Q

Stephen Secor studied which species? (2)

A

• Sidewinder rattlesnake.
• Coachwhip snake.

45
Q

Significance of species studied by Stephen Secor?

A

Snake species had very different foraging strategies.

46
Q

Sidewinder rattlesnake foraging strategy?

A

Ambush forager.

47
Q

Coachwhip snake foraging strategy?

A

Active forager.

48
Q

Sidewinder rattlesnake attributes? (3)

A

• Inactive.
• Little to no movement.
• Infrequent meals.

49
Q

Coachwhip snake attributes? (3)

A

• Very active.
• Fast moving.
• Frequent meals.

50
Q

Results of Stephen Secor studies? (4)

A

• Measured FMR using Double labelled water technique.
• Related this to their physiologies.
• Net energy gain is about the same for both snake species.
• Explained why pythons had very low SMRs.

51
Q

Pythons attributes? (3)

A

• Species have very low SMRs.
• Ambush foragers.
• Recorded eating meals that exceed their body mass.

52
Q

SDA stands for?

A

Specific Dynamic Action.

53
Q

SDA?

A

= amount of energy needed to process food.

54
Q

Explain SDA graph?

A
55
Q

SDA attributes? (2)

A

• Is 2-3 for most species depending on the meal size & meal type.
• Measured in relation to size.

56
Q

Groups of snakes in terms of SDA? (2)

A

• Snakes with low SMRs & high SDAs.
• Snakes with normal SMRs & normal SDAs.

57
Q

Effect of up-regulation in snakes after feeding?

A

Causes increases in organ sizes such as the liver, intestinal mucosal mass, kidneys, stomach, lungs & pancreas.

58
Q

Explain the graph of relationship between SMR & SDA (y) vs Weeks btwn meals (x)?

A

• Explains the ecological implications on active foragers (Coachwhip snake) & ambush foragers (Sidewinder rattlesnake).

• As Weeks btwn meals increases, SMR & SDA decreases.

59
Q

Why do ambush foragers have very low SMRSs? (2)

A

••

60
Q

Egs of down-regulators? (3)

A

• Snakes.
• Lions.
• Penguins.

61
Q

Down-regulators?

A

=

62
Q

Up-regulators?

A

=

63
Q

Egs of up-regulators? (3)

A

•••

64
Q

Effects of overfeeding? (4)

A

• High BMR.
• High Diet Induced Thermogenesis.
• Increased activity.
• Increased fidgeting in lean people.

65
Q

Effect of less food intake?

A

Low BMR.

66
Q

What is Non-shivering thermogenesis stimulated by? (3)

A

• Sympathetic nervous system.
• Cold environments.
• Food intake.

67
Q

What is Non-shivering thermogenesis induced by?

A

Thyroid hormone.

68
Q

Things to consider when talking about the regulation of energy balance? (4)

A

• Effect of food intake in BMR.
• Overfeeding & its effects.
• UCP.
• Stimulators of Non-shivering thermogenesis.

69
Q

UCP stands for?

A

Uncoupling proteins.

70
Q

DIT stands for?

A

Diet Induced Thermogenesis.

71
Q

UCP function?

A

To convert energy (from food intake) to heat in brown fat.

72
Q

Aerobic scope is AKA?

A

Factorial scope.

73
Q

Factorial scope?

A

= an animal’s capacity to increase its aerobic MR above maintenance levels.

ANIMAL (21 decks)

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