the skull

Question 1

chondrocranium, or it with sensory capsules, or ossifies parts of the chondrocranium

Answer 1

Neurocranium

Question 2

bones from original cartilaginous shelf

Answer 2

chondrocranium (inside of skull)

Question 3

bones from gill arches

Answer 3

spanchnocranium

-where is is depends on what type of organism you are

Question 4

dermal bones

Answer 4

dermatocranium (outside of skull)

Question 5

in this the Chondrocranium arches up laterally and seals off at top

Answer 5

chondrichthyes

Question 6

in this the Chondrocranium ossifies at least somewhat

Answer 6

most vetrs

Question 7

in this the Chondrocranium forms a shelf or bowl that supports brain and covers sensory structures (nasal, optic, and otic capsules)

Answer 7

primative

Question 8

Head mesenchyme condenses next to notochord forming cartilages , including capsules, then cartilages fuse and ossify

Answer 8

Embryology

Question 9

gives oxygen to eye and brain in splanchnocranium , lost or reduced in fast swimmers

Answer 9

spiricle

Question 10

becomes ear ossicles, helps breathing rate and is responsible for moving the tongue

Answer 10

hyoid bone

Question 11

takes over formation of facial bones from mesodermal cells

Answer 11

neural crest contribution

Question 12

first or second gill arch forms jaws

next formed hyoid

Answer 12

Serial hypothesis

Question 13

second and third arch formed madibular arch, next hyoid, parts of all incorporated into skull

Answer 13

composite hypothesis

Question 14

in us, jaws switch from splanchnocranium to _______

Answer 14

dermatocranium

Question 15

Branchials not associated with cranium

Answer 15

Paelostyly this is in agnathans

Question 16

Palatoquadrate suspended from Cranium w/out help from hyoid

Answer 16

Euautostyly

placoderms and acanthodians

Question 17

Jaws suspended from Hyomandibula

Answer 17

Hyostyly

this is in most modern sharks

Question 18

Palatoquadrate suspended by ligaments at front and back

Answer 18

Amphistyly

early sharks

Question 19

Jaws suspended from Hyomandibula, which is incorporated into skull (suspensorium) Symplectic

Answer 19

hyostyly

actinopterygii

Question 20

lowr jaw attaches to cranium by quadrate Hyomandibulla=Stapes and Tetrapods

Answer 20

Metautostylu

Question 21

lower jaw attaches to cranium by squamosal
Ouadrate=Incus
Articular=malleus

Answer 21

craniostyly

=us

Question 22

whats forming in dermatocranium

first is ostracoderms

Answer 22

roof of skull

Question 23

Modern Jaw (draw it out)

Answer 23

Spanchnocranium

• quadrate/incus
• articular/malleus
• angular/tympanic

dermatocranium

• maxilla
• premaxilla
• dentart

chondrocranium
-squamosal

Question 24

joints in skull other than jaw joint

transverse hingelike joint across skll roof and transverse, sliding basal join in roof of mouth

Answer 24

cranial kinesis

Question 25

maybe vert but no cranium

Answer 25

Haikouichthys

Question 26

simple cranium

Answer 26

hagfish

Question 27

cranium developed fairly well

Answer 27

lampreys

Question 28

added dermatocranium, forming head shield

Answer 28

ostracoderms

Question 29

used under stress in squamates and feeding and breathing in fish

Answer 29

buccal force pump

Question 30

have a kinetic joint

Answer 30

coelacanths

Question 31

jaws fuse to braincase, supposidly akinetic

Answer 31

lungfish

Question 32

had naris and labyrinthodont teeth

Answer 32

Osteolepimorphs + Tetrapods

Question 33

gill arches present in larvae and hyoid apparatus in adults

Answer 33

modern amphibians

Question 34

in frogs the hyomadibula turns to the ______

Answer 34

stapes

Question 35

vivrations sent up through jaw into jaw joint and then ear this is in early amnotes

Answer 35

auditory chain

Question 36

why do we have temporal fenestrae

Answer 36

results in stronger adduction and more space for muscles

Question 37

reptilian kinesis

Answer 37

-nerocranium remains still

Question 38

joint at the back of the skull

Answer 38

metakinesis | -primitive in lizards

Question 39

joint just behind orbit

Answer 39

mesokinesis

Question 40

joint in fron tof eye

Answer 40

prokinesis | snakes and birds

Question 41

penulous quadrate | most lizzards birds and snakes

Answer 41

streptostyly

Question 42

can slide mandible back and forth | -primitive skull and two temporal finestra

Answer 42

tuataras

Question 43

have secondary palate

Answer 43

crocodilians

Question 44

ability to flex upper jaw

Answer 44

rhynchokinesis

Question 45

muscles pull quadrate forward and palate slides along palatine

Answer 45

slider-crank Mechanism

Question 46

soft palate

Answer 46

completes to trachea | -so you can chw and breath at the same time

Question 47

when the coronal suture along the back of the skull closes prematurely

Answer 47

coronal syntosis