senses Flashcards by Carson Gafford

the chemical or electrical changes induced by a stimulus

sensation

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what you do with the sensation

perception

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skin, body surfaces, & skeletal muscles

somatic

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in viscera

visceral

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from environment

extertoteceptors

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sensations from organs

interoreceptors

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a sense organ in striated muscles, joints and tendons

proprioceptor

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widely distributed

general sensory organs

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localized specialized

special sensory organ

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a type of general sensory sensory receptors that may arborize

mainly pain, can be extreme hot or cold or touch
no specialized organs

free nerve endings

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enclosed in specialized structure

encapsulated

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sensory ending wrapped in mesodermal cells- touch

meissners corpiscle

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skin, joints, deep tissue (pancreas) – pressure

Pacinian corpuscles

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terminus wrapped around another organ

-ex/ hair

associated

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From information gathered in muscles, tendons, and joints

-limb flexion and degree of muscle contraction

proprioception

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specialized striated intrafusal muscle cells

-maintain muscle tone

intrafusal muscle cells

-muscle spindles

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relaxed state

tonus

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Relax too much – detect sag – reflex sent to extrafusal cells
Also sense stretch

muscle spindles

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record tension in organs

golgi tendon organs

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control smell and taste

chemoreceptors

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tastebuds are absent in what

Hagfish

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tastebud distribution in mammals

sill has orophrynx but mainly tongue aiwht some on epiglottis, soft palate and pharynx

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– pain/temperature receptors – spicy

pungency

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mint, menthol, cold receptors

coolness

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tingling from Sichuan Pepper

Numbness

puckering – unripe fruit, tannins, wine

Astringency

galvanic reaction

metallicness

chalkiness

calcium

specialized patch of epithelium that captures chemicals

olfactory epithelium

have tuft of sensory cilia (apical) | (basal) axon through cribiform plate to

olfactory sensory

mitral cells send long axons to rest of brain (olfactory tract) to piriform lobe and septum

olfactory bulb (brain)

the new internal naris in Osteolepimorphs allows

breathing and smell to be linked

Nasal Sac Enlarges, Separate recess – Vomeronasal (Jacobsen’s) Organ

amphibians

Nasal Sac Very large, Extensive terminals, olfactory epithelium back, rest respiratory

mammals

Internal Choana

Osteolepimorph

Nasal sac differentiated, some with Conchae (turbinals), Jacobsen’s organ separate, Birds with scroll-like conchae

reptiles

vomeronasal organ in squamates

tongue flicking

many fish, reptiles and birds can detect

UV light

vampire bats, pythons and pit vipers can detect

concentrate light on photoreceptive tissue (retina)

eye

low light sensors | -sense black and white

rods

detect colors

cones

focusing

visual accomodation

- focusing and protection – portion of sclera that becomes clear

cornea

Tough capsule of connective tissu | -helps define shape

extrinsic eye muscle

help reptiles and fish hold shape

scleral ossicles

largest, highly vascularized, support | Nocturnal animals – tapetum lucidum – reflects light

choroid

– tiny circle of smooth muscle controls accommodation Attached to lens by suspensory ligament (circular)

ciliary body

smooth muscle

iris

hole in center

pupil

innermost layer

retina

middle layer

uvea

outer layer

sclera

in some retina, indented point where light converges

fovea | -sharpest focus

Filled with transparent fluid that helps maintain shape

chambers

watery in front of the eye

aqueous humor | anterior and posterior chamber

Vitreous Humor – viscous | Sometimes called vitreous body

Vitreous chamber

development of eye

1. optic vesicles 2. optic placode 3. optic placode-> lens primordium 4. optic vesscle->optic cup 5. mesenchyme surrounds eye

choroid and sclera

mesenchyme

eyelid, cornea, lens

ectoderm

optic nerve

optic stalk

``` No cornea, lens or melanin Primitive photoreceptors (wired directly to ganglion cells) ```

hagfish

Has pigment spot

amphioxous

had the earliest focusing eye | -camera lens

lamprey, chondrichthys

clear skin on front of cornea in lampreys

spectacle

mucles attached direclty to lens in chondrichthys

protractor lentis

lens spherical and held by syspersory ligament

chondrithyes and bony fish and amphibians

muscles attached directly to lens in bony fish

retractor lentis

circular suspersony ligament stretches lens

amiotes

not analogous to camera lens

amniotes

blood vessels to supports retina

papillary cone in nonavian reptiles | pecten in birds

dim light rods

scotopic

bright light, color, cones

photopic

earliest verts has what kind of vision

tetrachromic

amphibian ision

lack cones- trichromic

mammals

dichromic

old wold monkeys

trichromic (us)

new world monkeys

females-dichromic if homo | trichromic if hetero

pineal organ or gland

epiphysis

with parietal foramen so parietal organ

ostracoderms

epiphysis and parietal organ with some photosensitivity

lampreys

Epiphysis prominent | Parietal Organ – absent or rudimentary

jawed fish

Epiphysis and Parietal Organ – generally both present primitively

amphibians

Distinct parietal eye in fossil

lissamphibia

Epiphysis and Parietal Organ –both present | Distinct third eye

lizards and tuataras

Lateral Line Sense, vestibular apparatus, hearing | Based on Hair Cells

mechanoreceptors

- Microvilli – projections of unequal length, nonmobile

stereocilia

one long cilium

kinocilium

Stereocilia + Kinocilium

hair bundle

Collection of hair and supporting cells

Neuromast Organ

Projecting hair bundles usually embedded in gelatinous cap

capula | -increase sensitivity

called distant touch | -may pick up some sound waves

lateral line sense

balace organ

vestibular apparatus

the vestibular apparatus may contain

oroliths or smaller otoconia (mammals)

A specialized region for hearing

Lagena | -coiled in mammals called cochlea

Specialized strip of neuromasts connected via VIII

organ of corti

tube (particularly long in birds and mammals)

external auditory meatus

therians add what for directional heating?

pinnae

middle ear

typanum

remains of cavity remains open to pharynx

Eustachian Tube

vestibular apparatus (balance organ) and lagena

inner ear

translates sounds in air to sounds in water | -also amplifies sound

ossicles

addition of middle ear

tympanic ear | -evolved 5x

chewing noises transferred through

auditory chain