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Comparative Anatomy > Appendicular skeleton > Flashcards

Appendicular skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

bones at the base of the fins

A

Pterygiophores

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2
Q

sharks, keratin

A

Ceratotrichia

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3
Q

bony fish to Ichyostega, potentially cartilaginized or osiffied fibrous rings

A

Lepidotrichia

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4
Q

keratin at tip of lepidotrichia

A

actinotrichia

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5
Q

bones in a single axis

A

Archipterygial fin

-name means primitive but its not

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6
Q

more than a single axis-splits

A

Metaptergial fin

-actually the primitive fin

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7
Q

two types of dermal fin rays

A

basals -few, proximal

radials- more, distal

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8
Q

what are paired fins used for

A

maneuverability: steering, stopping, lift

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9
Q

what are median fins used for

A

Stability, propulsion

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10
Q

upper arm and thigh

A

stylopodium

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11
Q

forearm and shank (crus)

A

Zeugopodium

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12
Q

maus and pes

A

Autopodium

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13
Q

Gill Arch Hypothesis

A

pectoral girdle evolved from gill arches

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14
Q

fin fold hypothesis

A

fins develop from lateral embryonic fin folds

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15
Q

gene determines dorsoventral axis

A

Engrialed-1 gene

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16
Q

formes lateral fold

A

TBX gene
TBX4-post limb
TBX5 ant limb

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17
Q

dermal armor hypothesis

A

fins evolved from dermal armor of ostracoderms

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18
Q

the things that will eventually form something

A

Morphogenic fields

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19
Q

what forms most of the bones of the hand and foot

A

post axial element

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20
Q

had lateral folds with true pectorals

A

Agnathans

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21
Q

lost dermal elements

what did they add that increased dive and propulsion

A

Chondrichthyes

-coracoid and puboischiadic bars

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22
Q

is used in male sharks for the transfer of sperm

A

claspers

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23
Q

only unique evolution of limbs after origin of pect and pelv limbs
- used to help form a funnel around the mouth to funnel food

A

Cephalic fins

24
Q

has multiple evolving fins and NO pelvic girdles

A

Acanthodians

25
Q

what kind of fins do Actinopterygii use?

A

Ray-fin

26
Q

what kind of fins are the ray fins

A 
pelvic girdle (endochondyl) used for steering and stopping 
-move anteriorly over time
27
Q

pelvics behind primative

A

Abdominal pelvics

28
Q

directly under pets, girdles often connected

A

Thoracic ( only in teleotes)

29
Q

on the throat or chin, most advanced. This is what eels have

A

Jugular

30
Q

still basipterygium and have posttemporal skull and interclavicle

A

Lungfish and Coelacanths

31
Q

lose posttemporal skull (allows them to move head up)
wrist and ankles
have neck

A

tiktaalik

32
Q

didgit number not fixed, sacrum connect pelvic girdle to vertebrae
-illium ishium and pubis

A

Ichyostega

Ancanthostega

33
Q

dermal bones are lost and primarily become all endochonral bone in the pectoral girdle

A

tetrapods

34
Q

these mammals lose procorocoid

A

therian mammals

35
Q

in the turtle the pectoral girdle is where?

A

medial to the rib cage

36
Q

Helps support the pouch in Marsupials and Monotremes

A

epipubic bone

37
Q

pelvic girdle attaches to_________ and transmits force to______

A

vertebral column directly

axial column

38
Q

pectoral is not connected to vertebral colum and is held by muscular___

A

sling

-used for steering

39
Q

running

A

cursorial

40
Q

burrowing

A

fossorial

41
Q

jumping

A

saltatorial

42
Q

flying

A

aerial

43
Q

trees

A

arborial

44
Q

two types of arborial

A

1) scansorial-climbing with claws

2) brachiantion-swinging by arms

45
Q

when a previously lost trait shows up

A

Atavism

46
Q

three feet make contact – unstable

A

diagonal

47
Q

diagonally opposite feet contact – unstable, fish even. Provide support by tails or belly walking

A

trot

48
Q

Three limbs in contact – stable, use feet for propulsion

-center of mass inside triangle

A

lateral and tripodal

49
Q

• Sprawled limbs at first • Move under the body in archosaurs & synapsids

A

cursorial gate

50
Q

second third and fourth didgits

A

birds

51
Q

phalages elongated

A

bats

52
Q

4th finger thickined and elongates

A

pterosaurs

53
Q

had flight feathers on arms and legs

A

Microraptor

54
Q

mammals cam from what hypothesis?

A

Arborel-gliders

55
Q

genes invovled in re-evolutionary approach to regenerative meficine

A

Rb inhibits G1-S

Comparative Anatomy (14 decks)

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