Appendicular skeleton

Question 1

bones at the base of the fins

Answer 1

Pterygiophores

Question 2

sharks, keratin

Answer 2

Ceratotrichia

Question 3

bony fish to Ichyostega, potentially cartilaginized or osiffied fibrous rings

Answer 3

Lepidotrichia

Question 4

keratin at tip of lepidotrichia

Answer 4

actinotrichia

Question 5

bones in a single axis

Answer 5

Archipterygial fin

-name means primitive but its not

Question 6

more than a single axis-splits

Answer 6

Metaptergial fin

-actually the primitive fin

Question 7

two types of dermal fin rays

Answer 7

basals -few, proximal

radials- more, distal

Question 8

what are paired fins used for

Answer 8

maneuverability: steering, stopping, lift

Question 9

what are median fins used for

Answer 9

Stability, propulsion

Question 10

upper arm and thigh

Answer 10

stylopodium

Question 11

forearm and shank (crus)

Answer 11

Zeugopodium

Question 12

maus and pes

Answer 12

Autopodium

Question 13

Gill Arch Hypothesis

Answer 13

pectoral girdle evolved from gill arches

Question 14

fin fold hypothesis

Answer 14

fins develop from lateral embryonic fin folds

Question 15

gene determines dorsoventral axis

Answer 15

Engrialed-1 gene

Question 16

formes lateral fold

Answer 16

TBX gene
TBX4-post limb
TBX5 ant limb

Question 17

dermal armor hypothesis

Answer 17

fins evolved from dermal armor of ostracoderms

Question 18

the things that will eventually form something

Answer 18

Morphogenic fields

Question 19

what forms most of the bones of the hand and foot

Answer 19

post axial element

Question 20

had lateral folds with true pectorals

Answer 20

Agnathans

Question 21

lost dermal elements

what did they add that increased dive and propulsion

Answer 21

Chondrichthyes

-coracoid and puboischiadic bars

Question 22

is used in male sharks for the transfer of sperm

Answer 22

claspers

Question 23

only unique evolution of limbs after origin of pect and pelv limbs
- used to help form a funnel around the mouth to funnel food

Answer 23

Cephalic fins

Question 24

has multiple evolving fins and NO pelvic girdles

Answer 24

Acanthodians

Question 25

what kind of fins do Actinopterygii use?

Answer 25

Ray-fin

Question 26

what kind of fins are the ray fins

Answer 26

``` pelvic girdle (endochondyl) used for steering and stopping -move anteriorly over time ```

Question 27

pelvics behind primative

Answer 27

Abdominal pelvics

Question 28

directly under pets, girdles often connected

Answer 28

Thoracic ( only in teleotes)

Question 29

on the throat or chin, most advanced. This is what eels have

Answer 29

Jugular

Question 30

still basipterygium and have posttemporal skull and interclavicle

Answer 30

Lungfish and Coelacanths

Question 31

lose posttemporal skull (allows them to move head up) wrist and ankles have neck

Answer 31

tiktaalik

Question 32

didgit number not fixed, sacrum connect pelvic girdle to vertebrae -illium ishium and pubis

Answer 32

Ichyostega | Ancanthostega

Question 33

dermal bones are lost and primarily become all endochonral bone in the pectoral girdle

Answer 33

tetrapods

Question 34

these mammals lose procorocoid

Answer 34

therian mammals

Question 35

in the turtle the pectoral girdle is where?

Answer 35

medial to the rib cage

Question 36

Helps support the pouch in Marsupials and Monotremes

Answer 36

epipubic bone

Question 37

pelvic girdle attaches to_________ and transmits force to______

Answer 37

vertebral column directly | axial column

Question 38

pectoral is not connected to vertebral colum and is held by muscular___

Answer 38

sling | -used for steering

Question 39

running

Answer 39

cursorial

Question 40

burrowing

Answer 40

fossorial

Question 41

jumping

Answer 41

saltatorial

Question 42

flying

Answer 42

aerial

Question 43

trees

Answer 43

arborial

Question 44

two types of arborial

Answer 44

1) scansorial-climbing with claws | 2) brachiantion-swinging by arms

Question 45

when a previously lost trait shows up

Answer 45

Atavism

Question 46

three feet make contact – unstable

Answer 46

diagonal

Question 47

diagonally opposite feet contact – unstable, fish even. Provide support by tails or belly walking

Answer 47

trot

Question 48

Three limbs in contact – stable, use feet for propulsion | -center of mass inside triangle

Answer 48

lateral and tripodal

Question 49

• Sprawled limbs at first • Move under the body in archosaurs & synapsids

Answer 49

cursorial gate

Question 50

second third and fourth didgits

Answer 50

birds

Question 51

phalages elongated

Answer 51

bats

Question 52

4th finger thickined and elongates

Answer 52

pterosaurs

Question 53

had flight feathers on arms and legs

Answer 53

Microraptor

Question 54

mammals cam from what hypothesis?

Answer 54

Arborel-gliders

Question 55

genes invovled in re-evolutionary approach to regenerative meficine

Answer 55

Rb inhibits G1-S