Appendicular skeleton Flashcards
bones at the base of the fins
Pterygiophores
sharks, keratin
Ceratotrichia
bony fish to Ichyostega, potentially cartilaginized or osiffied fibrous rings
Lepidotrichia
keratin at tip of lepidotrichia
actinotrichia
bones in a single axis
Archipterygial fin
-name means primitive but its not
more than a single axis-splits
Metaptergial fin
-actually the primitive fin
two types of dermal fin rays
basals -few, proximal
radials- more, distal
what are paired fins used for
maneuverability: steering, stopping, lift
what are median fins used for
Stability, propulsion
upper arm and thigh
stylopodium
forearm and shank (crus)
Zeugopodium
maus and pes
Autopodium
Gill Arch Hypothesis
pectoral girdle evolved from gill arches
fin fold hypothesis
fins develop from lateral embryonic fin folds
gene determines dorsoventral axis
Engrialed-1 gene
formes lateral fold
TBX gene
TBX4-post limb
TBX5 ant limb
dermal armor hypothesis
fins evolved from dermal armor of ostracoderms
the things that will eventually form something
Morphogenic fields
what forms most of the bones of the hand and foot
post axial element
had lateral folds with true pectorals
Agnathans
lost dermal elements
what did they add that increased dive and propulsion
Chondrichthyes
-coracoid and puboischiadic bars
is used in male sharks for the transfer of sperm
claspers
only unique evolution of limbs after origin of pect and pelv limbs
- used to help form a funnel around the mouth to funnel food
Cephalic fins
has multiple evolving fins and NO pelvic girdles
Acanthodians
what kind of fins do Actinopterygii use?
Ray-fin
what kind of fins are the ray fins
pelvic girdle (endochondyl) used for steering and stopping -move anteriorly over time
pelvics behind primative
Abdominal pelvics
directly under pets, girdles often connected
Thoracic ( only in teleotes)
on the throat or chin, most advanced. This is what eels have
Jugular
still basipterygium and have posttemporal skull and interclavicle
Lungfish and Coelacanths
lose posttemporal skull (allows them to move head up)
wrist and ankles
have neck
tiktaalik
didgit number not fixed, sacrum connect pelvic girdle to vertebrae
-illium ishium and pubis
Ichyostega
Ancanthostega
dermal bones are lost and primarily become all endochonral bone in the pectoral girdle
tetrapods
these mammals lose procorocoid
therian mammals
in the turtle the pectoral girdle is where?
medial to the rib cage
Helps support the pouch in Marsupials and Monotremes
epipubic bone
pelvic girdle attaches to_________ and transmits force to______
vertebral column directly
axial column
pectoral is not connected to vertebral colum and is held by muscular___
sling
-used for steering
running
cursorial
burrowing
fossorial
jumping
saltatorial
flying
aerial
trees
arborial
two types of arborial
1) scansorial-climbing with claws
2) brachiantion-swinging by arms
when a previously lost trait shows up
Atavism
three feet make contact – unstable
diagonal
diagonally opposite feet contact – unstable, fish even. Provide support by tails or belly walking
trot
Three limbs in contact – stable, use feet for propulsion
-center of mass inside triangle
lateral and tripodal
• Sprawled limbs at first • Move under the body in archosaurs & synapsids
cursorial gate
second third and fourth didgits
birds
phalages elongated
bats
4th finger thickined and elongates
pterosaurs
had flight feathers on arms and legs
Microraptor
mammals cam from what hypothesis?
Arborel-gliders
genes invovled in re-evolutionary approach to regenerative meficine
Rb inhibits G1-S
