Respiratory Flashcards
the use of oxygen to break down sugars
cellular respiration
facilitates greater gas transfer where the keratinized skin of amniotes does not
thin, mucus-covered skin
water can become ______ (low oxygen) or _______( no oxygen)
hypoxic
anoxic
fish breathe in what surface layer?
supersaturated
unidirectional
gills
bidirectional (tidal)
-gasses may mix
lungs
endodermal diverticula of pharynx
lungs
open and close
Glottis
windpipe usually split into two bronchi then goes to bronchioles
trachea
first fossil evidence of lung
Bothriolepis (placoderm)
act as buoyancy control devices
swim bladders
respiratory swim bladders primitively in
neopterygians
promitive swim bladder
physostomous swim bladder
reatains pneumatic duct to esophagus, air is gulped in and forced to swim bladder
physostomous swim bladder
who uses physostomous swim bladder
acipsenseriformes and nasal teleosts
Loses pneumatic duct to esophagus
physostomous swim bladder
salamanders use this to breath mostly through the skin
cutaneous respiration
used by small organisms for ventilation
-retained in tetrapods because basically the outside moves im
cillia
reduces surface tenton which can collapse surface
(lungs and swim bladders)
fast moving fishes use this and open their mouths and swim
ram ventilation
some fish and most amphibians use this
2 stroke pump
most bony fish and some amphibians use this
4 stroke pump
brings spent air from lungs to buccal cavity and fresh air in
buccal expansion
in water, fish can take advantage of _________ _______ to force air out and up into lungs
hydrostatic pressure
forces air to lungs+ positive pressure
buccal pump
sucks air in through expansion of thoracic cavity- negative pressure
Aspiration pump!
in amniote inhilation what is used
external intercostals
rib cage rotates forward and out to increase cheast cavity
external intercostals
-amniotes
in mammals what is used for inhilation
diaphragm
contracts causeing it to be pulled downwards and the thracic cavity is increased so air is drawn in
diaphragm
in exhalation this returns the rib cage and diaphragm back and air is pushed out
elastic recoil
- light activity
- passive
in exhalation these contract to return rib cage beyond normal position
internal intercostals
- high activity
- active
only fish that uses aspiration breathing
Bichir
velum scrolls ad unscrolls, the branchial pouches expand and contract. there is no movement of branchial apparatus
hagfish
ammocoetes flow
-gill lammella medial, not lateral
lampreys
lamellae may be on one side
use a 2 stroke pump
spriracle often present
chondrichthyes
lamellae on one side
hemibranch
lammellae on both sides
holobranch
each gill is V shaped
Bony fish
source and sink quickly quilibrate
concurrent
sink can absorb much more material from the source than in the concurrent system
countercurrent and crosscurrent
very rate in animals
concurrent
internal surface of lung with faveoli
amphibians
may wave external gills in low oxygen water
amphibian larvae
buccal and pharyngeal force pumps, unidirectional flow
anurans
favelous and unidirectional flow first seen in
birds
sauropsids
in crocodilians, what pulls the liver posteriorly
diaphragmatic muscles
first dino we noticed walking and breathing were linked
deinonychus
contraction of __________ pulls on _____ and changes thoracic volume so foot falls put pressure on chest forcing air
caudotruncus
gastralia
most theropods had an ___________ _____ and cervical vert which indicates presence of air sacs
pneumatic sacra
mammals have what type of diaphragm
prehepatic
