Respiratory

Question 1

the use of oxygen to break down sugars

Answer 1

cellular respiration

Question 2

facilitates greater gas transfer where the keratinized skin of amniotes does not

Answer 2

thin, mucus-covered skin

Question 3

water can become ______ (low oxygen) or _______( no oxygen)

Answer 3

hypoxic

anoxic

Question 4

fish breathe in what surface layer?

Answer 4

supersaturated

Question 5

unidirectional

Answer 5

gills

Question 6

bidirectional (tidal)

-gasses may mix

Answer 6

lungs

Question 7

endodermal diverticula of pharynx

Answer 7

lungs

Question 8

open and close

Answer 8

Glottis

Question 9

windpipe usually split into two bronchi then goes to bronchioles

Answer 9

trachea

Question 10

first fossil evidence of lung

Answer 10

Bothriolepis (placoderm)

Question 11

act as buoyancy control devices

Answer 11

swim bladders

Question 12

respiratory swim bladders primitively in

Answer 12

neopterygians

Question 13

promitive swim bladder

Answer 13

physostomous swim bladder

Question 14

reatains pneumatic duct to esophagus, air is gulped in and forced to swim bladder

Answer 14

physostomous swim bladder

Question 15

who uses physostomous swim bladder

Answer 15

acipsenseriformes and nasal teleosts

Question 16

Loses pneumatic duct to esophagus

Answer 16

physostomous swim bladder

Question 17

salamanders use this to breath mostly through the skin

Answer 17

cutaneous respiration

Question 18

used by small organisms for ventilation

-retained in tetrapods because basically the outside moves im

Answer 18

cillia

Question 19

reduces surface tenton which can collapse surface

Answer 19

(lungs and swim bladders)

Question 20

fast moving fishes use this and open their mouths and swim

Answer 20

ram ventilation

Question 21

some fish and most amphibians use this

Answer 21

2 stroke pump

Question 22

most bony fish and some amphibians use this

Answer 22

4 stroke pump

Question 23

brings spent air from lungs to buccal cavity and fresh air in

Answer 23

buccal expansion

Question 24

in water, fish can take advantage of _________ _______ to force air out and up into lungs

Answer 24

hydrostatic pressure

Question 25

forces air to lungs+ positive pressure

Answer 25

buccal pump

Question 26

sucks air in through expansion of thoracic cavity- negative pressure

Answer 26

Aspiration pump!

Question 27

in amniote inhilation what is used

Answer 27

external intercostals

Question 28

rib cage rotates forward and out to increase cheast cavity

Answer 28

external intercostals | -amniotes

Question 29

in mammals what is used for inhilation

Answer 29

diaphragm

Question 30

contracts causeing it to be pulled downwards and the thracic cavity is increased so air is drawn in

Answer 30

diaphragm

Question 31

in exhalation this returns the rib cage and diaphragm back and air is pushed out

Answer 31

elastic recoil - light activity - passive

Question 32

in exhalation these contract to return rib cage beyond normal position

Answer 32

internal intercostals - high activity - active

Question 33

only fish that uses aspiration breathing

Answer 33

Bichir

Question 34

velum scrolls ad unscrolls, the branchial pouches expand and contract. there is no movement of branchial apparatus

Answer 34

hagfish

Question 35

ammocoetes flow | -gill lammella medial, not lateral

Answer 35

lampreys

Question 36

lamellae may be on one side use a 2 stroke pump spriracle often present

Answer 36

chondrichthyes

Question 37

lamellae on one side

Answer 37

hemibranch

Question 38

lammellae on both sides

Answer 38

holobranch

Question 39

each gill is V shaped

Answer 39

Bony fish

Question 40

source and sink quickly quilibrate

Answer 40

concurrent

Question 41

sink can absorb much more material from the source than in the concurrent system

Answer 41

countercurrent and crosscurrent

Question 42

very rate in animals

Answer 42

concurrent

Question 43

internal surface of lung with faveoli

Answer 43

amphibians

Question 44

may wave external gills in low oxygen water

Answer 44

amphibian larvae

Question 45

buccal and pharyngeal force pumps, unidirectional flow

Answer 45

anurans

Question 46

favelous and unidirectional flow first seen in

Answer 46

birds | sauropsids

Question 47

in crocodilians, what pulls the liver posteriorly

Answer 47

diaphragmatic muscles

Question 48

first dino we noticed walking and breathing were linked

Answer 48

deinonychus

Question 49

contraction of __________ pulls on _____ and changes thoracic volume so foot falls put pressure on chest forcing air

Answer 49

caudotruncus | gastralia

Question 50

most theropods had an ___________ _____ and cervical vert which indicates presence of air sacs

Answer 50

pneumatic sacra

Question 51

mammals have what type of diaphragm

Answer 51

prehepatic