Axial Flashcards
This vertebrae has no centrum
-lampreys have this
Aspondylous
-Primitive vert
No centrum, parts separate primitive fishes
Aspondylous and Aspidospondylous
-primitive vert
In this vertebrae, all parts are separate
- sarcopterygian fish
- promotive tetrapods
- aciprnseriformes
Aspidospondylous
In this vertebrate all parts are fused together
- neopterygians
- bichirs
- chondrichthyes
- extant tetrapods
Holospondylous (us)
Type of Aspidospondylous that has unequal arch bases
- osterplepimophs
- primitive tetrapods
Rachitomous
Type of Aspidospondylous that has equal arch bases
- some late amphibians
Emblomerous
Type of Aspidospondylous that has only an Intercentrum
-some early amphibians
Sterospondylous
1)Type of Holospondylous vert that hase an Intercentrum
-modern amphibians
-lepospondylous
2)Type of Holospondylous that has a Pleurocentrum
amniotes
Monospondylous
Bioconvex
-allows bending only side to side
( modern chondricthyes, Neopterygii, amphibi, tuatars)
Amphicoelous
has flat limited bending
dino, pterosaurs, and mammals
Acoelous
-limited bending when we walk
concave on one side
- bend without stretching nerve cord
1) ungulate necks
2) Lepidosauria and Crocodilia
1) Opithocoelous
2) Procoelous
saddle shaped
- more motion
- bird and turtle
Heterocoleous
at confluence of myoseptum and coelon
Ventral Rib
at confluence of myoseptum and horizontal septum
Dorsal Rib
intercentrum is lost or incorporated in these
Amniotes
The captiyulim connects to pleurocentrum in these
reptiles
the captitulum connects between the centra in these
Mammals
act as levers to flare rib cage
uncinate process
prevent compression
centra
return stiffness
Invertebral ligament
function of caudal fins in shark
Heterocercal
-provides lift
function of caudal fins in sturgeon
Heterocercal
-used to push down
thought that this caudal fin would keep it even because its even but actually provided a little lift
Homocercal
median lobe and dorsal ventral are moving opposite of each other- almost like treading water
Diphycercal
Austrailian Lungfish, Coelacanth, Bichir
connect swim bladder to inner ear
Weberian Apparatus
-allow bidirectional heatin and also higher frequency hearing
sites for ventral muscle attachment
Gastrilia
where was the axis added
Anthracosaurs
what is the pleurocentrum of the atlas
dens
side to side movement
axis
lever classes class 1) load and force on opposite sides -can increase strength and speed
skull and atlas
class 2) lead is between fulcrum and force Io
achilles tendon pushing or pulling food
class 3) force is between fulcrum and load speed- a larger force is needed to move a smaller weight
most muscles
class 4) continuos lever
screwdriver
the longer the neural spine..
the stronger, mechanical advantage
-this is needed if head moves
increased through each lineage
-thoracolumbar splits in several lineages
Regionalization
curvature of lumbar vert- always present
Lordosis
-forms larger curve of support in women
