Axial

Question 1

This vertebrae has no centrum

-lampreys have this

Answer 1

Aspondylous

-Primitive vert

Question 2

No centrum, parts separate primitive fishes

Answer 2

Aspondylous and Aspidospondylous

-primitive vert

Question 3

In this vertebrae, all parts are separate

• sarcopterygian fish
• promotive tetrapods
• aciprnseriformes

Answer 3

Aspidospondylous

Question 4

In this vertebrate all parts are fused together

• neopterygians
• bichirs
• chondrichthyes
• extant tetrapods

Answer 4

Holospondylous (us)

Question 5

Type of Aspidospondylous that has unequal arch bases

• osterplepimophs
• primitive tetrapods

Answer 5

Rachitomous

Question 6

Type of Aspidospondylous that has equal arch bases

- some late amphibians

Answer 6

Emblomerous

Question 7

Type of Aspidospondylous that has only an Intercentrum

-some early amphibians

Answer 7

Sterospondylous

Question 8

1)Type of Holospondylous vert that hase an Intercentrum
-modern amphibians
-lepospondylous
2)Type of Holospondylous that has a Pleurocentrum
amniotes

Answer 8

Monospondylous

Question 9

Bioconvex
-allows bending only side to side
( modern chondricthyes, Neopterygii, amphibi, tuatars)

Answer 9

Amphicoelous

Question 10

has flat limited bending

dino, pterosaurs, and mammals

Answer 10

Acoelous

-limited bending when we walk

Question 11

concave on one side

• bend without stretching nerve cord
  1) ungulate necks
  2) Lepidosauria and Crocodilia

Answer 11

1) Opithocoelous

2) Procoelous

Question 12

saddle shaped

• more motion
• bird and turtle

Answer 12

Heterocoleous

Question 13

at confluence of myoseptum and coelon

Answer 13

Ventral Rib

Question 14

at confluence of myoseptum and horizontal septum

Answer 14

Dorsal Rib

Question 15

intercentrum is lost or incorporated in these

Answer 15

Amniotes

Question 16

The captiyulim connects to pleurocentrum in these

Answer 16

reptiles

Question 17

the captitulum connects between the centra in these

Answer 17

Mammals

Question 18

act as levers to flare rib cage

Answer 18

uncinate process

Question 19

prevent compression

Answer 19

centra

Question 20

return stiffness

Answer 20

Invertebral ligament

Question 21

function of caudal fins in shark

Answer 21

Heterocercal

-provides lift

Question 22

function of caudal fins in sturgeon

Answer 22

Heterocercal

-used to push down

Question 23

thought that this caudal fin would keep it even because its even but actually provided a little lift

Answer 23

Homocercal

Question 24

median lobe and dorsal ventral are moving opposite of each other- almost like treading water

Answer 24

Diphycercal

Austrailian Lungfish, Coelacanth, Bichir

Question 25

connect swim bladder to inner ear

Answer 25

Weberian Apparatus | -allow bidirectional heatin and also higher frequency hearing

Question 26

sites for ventral muscle attachment

Answer 26

Gastrilia

Question 27

where was the axis added

Answer 27

Anthracosaurs

Question 28

what is the pleurocentrum of the atlas

Answer 28

dens

Question 29

side to side movement

Answer 29

axis

Question 30

``` lever classes class 1) load and force on opposite sides -can increase strength and speed ```

Answer 30

skull and atlas

Question 31

``` class 2) lead is between fulcrum and force Io ```

Answer 31

achilles tendon pushing or pulling food

Question 32

``` class 3) force is between fulcrum and load speed- a larger force is needed to move a smaller weight ```

Answer 32

most muscles

Question 33

class 4) continuos lever

Answer 33

screwdriver

Question 34

the longer the neural spine..

Answer 34

the stronger, mechanical advantage | -this is needed if head moves

Question 35

increased through each lineage | -thoracolumbar splits in several lineages

Answer 35

Regionalization

Question 36

curvature of lumbar vert- always present

Answer 36

Lordosis | -forms larger curve of support in women