Exam 1 Flashcards by Carson Gafford

change over time

evolution

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the study of the evolution of the body systems

comparative anatomy

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irst teacher

Belons “Book of birds”

Agassiz

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said that from a small part of an organism, the whole can be deduced

Georges Cuvier

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who were we most closely related to?

chimps and bonobos

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genes evolved at a particular rate so you can see when things are dated. ABle to figure out when and why things happened

Molecular Clock

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correspondence in function or position between organs of dissimilar evolutionary origin or structure.

Analogy

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same function, different origin

Analogy

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correspondence in evolutionary origin

Homology

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same origin, not necessarily the same function

Homology

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two unrelated organisms evolving the same structure

ex/ bird and bat wings

Convergence

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two sister species evolve same structure independently

-almost impossible to test

Parallelisms

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change to a less derived state

ex/ development of the color bone in primates

reversals

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evolutionary history

Phylogeny

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expressed in a branching diagram

phylogenetic tree

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group consisting of all decedents of the groups most recent common ancestor

monophyletic group

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group consisting of the groups most recent common ancestor but not all decedents
-this is bad because it doesnt represent evolution

paraphyletic group

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group consisting of two or more common ancestor nor all of its descendants

polyphyletic group

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derived characteristic

Apomorphy

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shared derived characteristic

Synapomorphy

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primitive characteristic

Plesiomorphy

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shared primitive characteristic

Symplesiomorphy

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only useful character for building a tree

Synapomorphies

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Occams Razor

The principle of parsimony

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the simplest solution is the best solution

The principle of parsimony

relative position in rock layers

Stratigraphy

common fossils of known age

index fossils | ex/ tend to be mollusk

a complex set of methods using radioactive decay, quantum spin, of electrons ect

mass spectrometer | -allows you to count atoms that are still present and ones that decayed

complete, all embryo

holoblastic cleavage

sparse, evenly distributed | therian mammals, amphioxus

isolecithal eggs

moderate vegetal yolk disposition | -amphibians

Mesolecithal eggs

incomplete cleavage

meroblastic

dense yolk

telolecithal

only small part becomes embryo

discoidal cleavage | ex/ most fish, reptiles, birds, monotremes

Stages of Development

1. Morula 2. Blastula 3. Gastrula

solid ball of cells

Morula

becomes hollow

blastula

inner cell mass=

embryo

Hollow=

Blastocoel

invagination

Gastrula

opening=

Blastophore

tube=

gasrocoel or archenteron

part of endoderm differentiates

Mesoderm

forms dorsal hollow nerve chord

Neuralation

dermis

dermatome

myotome

muscle

sclerotome

vertebrae, vertebral rib

nephrotome

kidney

splanchinic hypomere

heart, blood vessels, mesenteries that cover organs

somatic hypomere

limbs, peritoneum, gonads

ectoderm

epidermis, nerves and brain, some other contributions through neural crest

development proceeds from general to specific

Von Baers Law

genes just produce proteins

Epigenetics

induces sclerotomes to form vertebrae | -ensures fit

Neural Tube

changes in timing of development

Heterochrony

mature past adulthood and demonstrate hithero unseen traites (late offset)

Hypermorphosis

part grows faster than ancestors

Acceleration

onset off growth earlier

predisplacement

differential growth of structures

allometry

parts grow at same rate

isometry

early offset, growth halts early

progenesis

part grows slower than in ancestors

neoteny

onset of growth later than in ancestor

postdisplacement

cells=

chondrocytes

glassy like appearance large bones mostly replaced y adult synovial

hyaline

relaxin loosens pelvic symphysis before birth

Fibrocartilage

ear, epiglottis fibers

elastic

outer connective tissue | -slow to heal

Perichondrium

produce new bone (osteogenesis), mononucleate

osteoblasts

osteoblast encased in bone

osteocyte

remove existing bone, multinucleate

osteoclasts

outside bone

cortical

inside bone

medullary

cartilage model

Endochondral

no cartilaginous precursor

Intramembranous

long bones,vertebrae, some skull bones

endochondral bone

joints where the bones move

synovial

fluid filled connective tissue cap at the end of the bone

synovial capsule

slightly moveable - pubic symphysis

Amphiarthrosis

synartheosis

no movements