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Comparative Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

change over time

A

evolution

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2
Q

the study of the evolution of the body systems

A

comparative anatomy

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3
Q

irst teacher

Belons “Book of birds”

A

Agassiz

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4
Q

said that from a small part of an organism, the whole can be deduced

A

Georges Cuvier

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5
Q

who were we most closely related to?

A

chimps and bonobos

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6
Q

genes evolved at a particular rate so you can see when things are dated. ABle to figure out when and why things happened

A

Molecular Clock

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7
Q

correspondence in function or position between organs of dissimilar evolutionary origin or structure.

A

Analogy

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8
Q

same function, different origin

A

Analogy

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9
Q

correspondence in evolutionary origin

A

Homology

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10
Q

same origin, not necessarily the same function

A

Homology

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11
Q

two unrelated organisms evolving the same structure

ex/ bird and bat wings

A

Convergence

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12
Q

two sister species evolve same structure independently

-almost impossible to test

A

Parallelisms

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13
Q

change to a less derived state

ex/ development of the color bone in primates

A

reversals

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14
Q

evolutionary history

A

Phylogeny

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15
Q

expressed in a branching diagram

A

phylogenetic tree

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16
Q

group consisting of all decedents of the groups most recent common ancestor

A

monophyletic group

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17
Q

group consisting of the groups most recent common ancestor but not all decedents
-this is bad because it doesnt represent evolution

A

paraphyletic group

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18
Q

group consisting of two or more common ancestor nor all of its descendants

A

polyphyletic group

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19
Q

derived characteristic

A

Apomorphy

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20
Q

shared derived characteristic

A

Synapomorphy

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21
Q

primitive characteristic

A

Plesiomorphy

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22
Q

shared primitive characteristic

A

Symplesiomorphy

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23
Q

only useful character for building a tree

A

Synapomorphies

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24
Q

Occams Razor

A

The principle of parsimony

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25
Q

the simplest solution is the best solution

A

The principle of parsimony

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26
Q

relative position in rock layers

A

Stratigraphy

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27
Q

common fossils of known age

A

index fossils

ex/ tend to be mollusk

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28
Q

a complex set of methods using radioactive decay, quantum spin, of electrons ect

A

mass spectrometer

-allows you to count atoms that are still present and ones that decayed

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29
Q

complete, all embryo

A

holoblastic cleavage

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30
Q

sparse, evenly distributed

therian mammals, amphioxus

A

isolecithal eggs

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31
Q

moderate vegetal yolk disposition

-amphibians

A

Mesolecithal eggs

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32
Q

incomplete cleavage

A

meroblastic

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33
Q

dense yolk

A

telolecithal

34
Q

only small part becomes embryo

A

discoidal cleavage

ex/ most fish, reptiles, birds, monotremes

35
Q

Stages of Development

A
  1. Morula
  2. Blastula
  3. Gastrula
36
Q

solid ball of cells

A

Morula

37
Q

becomes hollow

A

blastula

38
Q

inner cell mass=

A

embryo

39
Q

Hollow=

A

Blastocoel

40
Q

invagination

A

Gastrula

41
Q

opening=

A

Blastophore

42
Q

tube=

A

gasrocoel or archenteron

43
Q

part of endoderm differentiates

A

Mesoderm

44
Q

forms dorsal hollow nerve chord

A

Neuralation

45
Q

dermis

A

dermatome

46
Q

myotome

A

muscle

47
Q

sclerotome

A

vertebrae, vertebral rib

48
Q

nephrotome

A

kidney

49
Q

splanchinic hypomere

A

heart, blood vessels, mesenteries that cover organs

50
Q

somatic hypomere

A

limbs, peritoneum, gonads

51
Q

ectoderm

A

epidermis, nerves and brain, some other contributions through neural crest

52
Q

development proceeds from general to specific

A

Von Baers Law

53
Q

genes just produce proteins

A

Epigenetics

54
Q

induces sclerotomes to form vertebrae

-ensures fit

A

Neural Tube

55
Q

changes in timing of development

A

Heterochrony

56
Q

mature past adulthood and demonstrate hithero unseen traites (late offset)

A

Hypermorphosis

57
Q

part grows faster than ancestors

A

Acceleration

58
Q

onset off growth earlier

A

predisplacement

59
Q

differential growth of structures

A

allometry

60
Q

parts grow at same rate

A

isometry

61
Q

early offset, growth halts early

A

progenesis

62
Q

part grows slower than in ancestors

A

neoteny

63
Q

onset of growth later than in ancestor

A

postdisplacement

64
Q

cells=

A

chondrocytes

65
Q

glassy like appearance
large bones
mostly replaced y adult
synovial

A

hyaline

66
Q

relaxin loosens pelvic symphysis before birth

A

Fibrocartilage

67
Q

ear, epiglottis fibers

A

elastic

68
Q

outer connective tissue

-slow to heal

A

Perichondrium

69
Q

produce new bone (osteogenesis), mononucleate

A

osteoblasts

70
Q

osteoblast encased in bone

A

osteocyte

71
Q

remove existing bone, multinucleate

A

osteoclasts

72
Q

outside bone

A

cortical

73
Q

inside bone

A

medullary

74
Q

cartilage model

A

Endochondral

75
Q

no cartilaginous precursor

A

Intramembranous

76
Q

long bones,vertebrae, some skull bones

A

endochondral bone

77
Q

joints where the bones move

A

synovial

78
Q

fluid filled connective tissue cap at the end of the bone

A

synovial capsule

79
Q

slightly moveable - pubic symphysis

A

Amphiarthrosis

80
Q

synartheosis

A

no movements

Comparative Anatomy (14 decks)

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