Exam 1 Flashcards
change over time
evolution
the study of the evolution of the body systems
comparative anatomy
irst teacher
Belons “Book of birds”
Agassiz
said that from a small part of an organism, the whole can be deduced
Georges Cuvier
who were we most closely related to?
chimps and bonobos
genes evolved at a particular rate so you can see when things are dated. ABle to figure out when and why things happened
Molecular Clock
correspondence in function or position between organs of dissimilar evolutionary origin or structure.
Analogy
same function, different origin
Analogy
correspondence in evolutionary origin
Homology
same origin, not necessarily the same function
Homology
two unrelated organisms evolving the same structure
ex/ bird and bat wings
Convergence
two sister species evolve same structure independently
-almost impossible to test
Parallelisms
change to a less derived state
ex/ development of the color bone in primates
reversals
evolutionary history
Phylogeny
expressed in a branching diagram
phylogenetic tree
group consisting of all decedents of the groups most recent common ancestor
monophyletic group
group consisting of the groups most recent common ancestor but not all decedents
-this is bad because it doesnt represent evolution
paraphyletic group
group consisting of two or more common ancestor nor all of its descendants
polyphyletic group
derived characteristic
Apomorphy
shared derived characteristic
Synapomorphy
primitive characteristic
Plesiomorphy
shared primitive characteristic
Symplesiomorphy
only useful character for building a tree
Synapomorphies
Occams Razor
The principle of parsimony
the simplest solution is the best solution
The principle of parsimony
relative position in rock layers
Stratigraphy
common fossils of known age
index fossils
ex/ tend to be mollusk
a complex set of methods using radioactive decay, quantum spin, of electrons ect
mass spectrometer
-allows you to count atoms that are still present and ones that decayed
complete, all embryo
holoblastic cleavage
sparse, evenly distributed
therian mammals, amphioxus
isolecithal eggs
moderate vegetal yolk disposition
-amphibians
Mesolecithal eggs
incomplete cleavage
meroblastic
dense yolk
telolecithal
only small part becomes embryo
discoidal cleavage
ex/ most fish, reptiles, birds, monotremes
Stages of Development
- Morula
- Blastula
- Gastrula
solid ball of cells
Morula
becomes hollow
blastula
inner cell mass=
embryo
Hollow=
Blastocoel
invagination
Gastrula
opening=
Blastophore
tube=
gasrocoel or archenteron
part of endoderm differentiates
Mesoderm
forms dorsal hollow nerve chord
Neuralation
dermis
dermatome
myotome
muscle
sclerotome
vertebrae, vertebral rib
nephrotome
kidney
splanchinic hypomere
heart, blood vessels, mesenteries that cover organs
somatic hypomere
limbs, peritoneum, gonads
ectoderm
epidermis, nerves and brain, some other contributions through neural crest
development proceeds from general to specific
Von Baers Law
genes just produce proteins
Epigenetics
induces sclerotomes to form vertebrae
-ensures fit
Neural Tube
changes in timing of development
Heterochrony
mature past adulthood and demonstrate hithero unseen traites (late offset)
Hypermorphosis
part grows faster than ancestors
Acceleration
onset off growth earlier
predisplacement
differential growth of structures
allometry
parts grow at same rate
isometry
early offset, growth halts early
progenesis
part grows slower than in ancestors
neoteny
onset of growth later than in ancestor
postdisplacement
cells=
chondrocytes
glassy like appearance
large bones
mostly replaced y adult
synovial
hyaline
relaxin loosens pelvic symphysis before birth
Fibrocartilage
ear, epiglottis fibers
elastic
outer connective tissue
-slow to heal
Perichondrium
produce new bone (osteogenesis), mononucleate
osteoblasts
osteoblast encased in bone
osteocyte
remove existing bone, multinucleate
osteoclasts
outside bone
cortical
inside bone
medullary
cartilage model
Endochondral
no cartilaginous precursor
Intramembranous
long bones,vertebrae, some skull bones
endochondral bone
joints where the bones move
synovial
fluid filled connective tissue cap at the end of the bone
synovial capsule
slightly moveable - pubic symphysis
Amphiarthrosis
synartheosis
no movements