The self III: self-presentation - research

Question 1

Schlenker (2012)

Answer 1

The study of self-presentation involves examining (1) how people, as agents, try to shape the attitudes and behaviors of audiences through the presentation of self-relevant information, and (2) how people, as targets, respond to the self-presentation activities of others. In this chapter, I explore some of the major themes and directions that have generated much of the research.

Question 2

Vohs et al. (2005)

Answer 2

Self-presentation may require self-regulation, especially when familiar or dispositional tendencies must be overridden in service of the desired impression. Studies 1-4 showed that self-presentation under challenging conditions or according to counter-normative patterns (presenting oneself modestly to strangers, boastfully to friends, contrary to gender norms, to a skeptical audience, or while being a racial token) led to impaired self-regulation later, suggesting that those self-presentations depleted self-regulatory resources. When self-presentation conformed to familiar, normative, or dispositional patterns, self-regulation was less implicated. Studies 5-8 showed that when resources for self-regulation had been depleted by prior acts of self-control, self-presentation drifted toward less-effective patterns (talking too much, overly or insufficiently intimate disclosures, or egotistical arrogance). Thus, inner processes may serve interpersonal functions, although optimal interpersonal activity exacts a short-term cost.

Question 3

Ingold et al. (2014)

Answer 3

interviews

impression management = more faking on a personality inventory

faking was positively related to job performance, but IM was unrelated

this study gives rise to arguments for a more balanced view of self-presentation.

Question 4

Golparvar and Ghorayshi (2015)

Answer 4

convenience sampling

IM and its components are important factors in predicting citizenship and deviant behaviours

Question 5

Hughes et al. (2017)

Answer 5

impressions biased by observers motives

e.g. downplay negative information about an ingroup

Ps formed worsened impressions of outgroup members after learning information (positive and negative) about them

failed to engage neural structures when processing negative information about the ingroup –> less ingroup bias

“effortless bias”

Question 6

Bolino and Turnley (2003)

Answer 6

This research explores the use of impression management tactics in combination. Two studies were conducted to identify three profiles of impression management use and to examine how three individual difference variables are related to these patterns. The results suggest that women are less aggressive than men in using impression management, that high self-monitors favor positive impression management strategies, and that high Machs use impression management tactics rather indiscriminately. The findings also suggest that individuals who either avoid using impression management or who use only positive tactics are seen more favorably than those who use relatively high levels of all types of impression management. Some implications and directions for future research are discussed as well.

Question 7

Leary et al (1994)

Answer 7

This study examined people’s self-presentional motives in unstructured, everyday social interaction as a function of participants’ gender similarity to, and general familiarity with, the targets of their self-presentations. Participants maintained a variant of the Rochester Interaction Record for 1 week. For every interaction that lasted 10 min or more, they rated the degree to which they wanted to make
each of 4 impressions (likable, competent, ethical, and attractive), how much they thought about the impressions others in the interaction formed of them, and how nervous they felt in the interaction. In general, participants’ self-presentational motives were lower in interactions with highly familiar people of their own sex than they were either in interactions with less familiar people of their sex or in interactions with people of the other sex regardless of familiarity. When participants’ interactions with only their 3 most familiar interactants were examined, self-presentational concerns decreased with familiarity in same-sex interactions but increased with familiarity in cross-sex interactions.

Question 8

Bizhong (2018)

Answer 8

To explore the multiple mediating models of online positive feedback and social self-efficacy on the relationship between positive self-presentation in social network sites( SNS) and subjective well-being( SWB),this research adopted the SNS Positive Self-presentation Questionnaire,Online Positive Feedback Questionnaire,Scale of Perceived Social Self-efficacy,Scale of Positive and Negative Experience and Satisfaction With Life Scale to measure 373 college students. The results showed that:(1) SNS positive self-presentation was positively correlated to online positive feedback,social self-efficacy and SWB.(2) SNS positive self-presentation affected SWB not only directly but through two indirect paths: through the mediating role of social self-efficacy and the chain mediating roles of online positive feedback and social self-efficacy. The conclusion is that the relationship between SNS positive selfpresentation and SWB was mediated by social self-efficacy solely and the online positive feedback and social selfefficacy jointly.

Question 9

de Vaate et al. (2019)

Answer 9

Sophistication of media technologies offer increasing possibilities for selective self-presentation online. However, how self-presentation affects well-being and body image is unclear. This systematic review aimed to map to what extent and under which circumstances types of self-presentation, versus lurking, support or hamper individuals’ well-being and body image. Seven scientific databases were searched, comprising 55 relevant studies in 52 publications out of 975 publications. Results were mixed: Both self-presentation and lurking can enhance or diminish well-being and body image. Self-presentation, lurking, and well-being were categorized to systematically clarify results and vital mechanisms were determined to explain differences within and between self-presentation and lurking. For example, lurking at others generally decreased well-being, whereas authentic self-presentation increased well-being. Moreover, the studies’ examined outcomes differed among studies’ culture-of-origin. Finally, results showed the importance of peers in examining effects of self-presentation. Future research should delineate self-presentation types, report on cultural variability, and include peer influence.

Question 10

Chad et al. (2007)

Answer 10

The authors examine personality variables and interview format as potential antecedents of impression management (IM) behaviors in simulated selection interviews. The means by which these variables affect ratings of interview performance is also investigated. The altruism facet of agreeableness predicted defensive IM behaviors, the vulnerability facet of emotional stability predicted self- and other-focused behaviors, and interview format (behavior description vs. situational questions) predicted self-focused and defensive behaviors. Consistent with theory and research on situational strength, antecedent—IM relations were consistently weaker in a strong situation in which interviewees had an incentive to manage their impressions. There was also evidence that IM partially mediated the effects of personality and interview format on interview performance in the weak situation

Question 11

Taflasi and Fagin (1984)

Answer 11

Causal attributions of three groups of subjects varying in social anxiety according to the Social Interaction Self-Statement Test were assessed, either from the perspective of the self or from the viewpoint of another person in three negative situations. Interactions between self-other perspective and anxiety reached significance for the stability and globality dimensions as well as for affect. These interactions supported the major hypothesis that self—other biases in causal attribution, typically reported in the social psychological literature which are favorable to the self, are absent or reversed in situations which are problematic for socially anxious individuals. The main effect of perspective was modified by the above interactions and indicated that the typical self-other bias was demonstrated but only in the low-anxious group. The expectancy variable showed only main effects of perspective and, anxiety. Higher anxious groups had higher expectancies for the occurrence of the negative events. Expectancies were higher for others than for the self. There were no significant main effects or interactions for the causal dimensions of locus and control. A general implication of the present data is that adequate adjustment may require attributionaJ sets which enhance one’s sense of competency relative to others. Furthermore, attribution-based approaches to counseling may need to focus on a network of causal ascriptions and specifically address self-other discrepancies in perceptions of causality.

Question 12

Nelson (2019)

Answer 12

Providing performance feedback in a way that leads to improved performance is an integral aspect to the success of an organization. Past research shows the feedback does not always improve employee performance. Characteristics of feedback can direct attention away
from improved performance and toward attention to the self. This study examined the impact of characteristics of feedback delivery on individuals’ tendency to use impression management strategies (exemplification, self-promotion, ingratiation, supplication). The results indicate that participants did not use impression management differently when feedback was delivered publicly versus privately. However, participants reported a higher likelihood to use ingratiation and self-promotion strategies after receiving negative than positive feedback. Discussion of results, along with limitations and directions for future research, are discussed.

Question 13

Pandey and Rastagi (1979)

Answer 13

Pandey and Rastagi (1979) showed that ingratiation to a job interviewer increased as competition for the job became more intense

Question 14

Pandey (1986)

Answer 14

Extending these findings to a societal level, Pandey (1986) suggested that impression management may be more common in societies with limited economic and political opportunities. His studies of ingratiation in India are among the few to examine the effects of societal factors on
self-presentation and provide insights for future cross-cultural research on impression management.

Question 15

Baumeister (1982)

Answer 15

The influence of chronic self‐esteem on self‐presentation was explored. Male subjects were confronted with an experimentally created reputation, in the form of public (bogus) feedback from a personality assessment. High self‐esteem subjects used compensatory self‐enhancement in their self‐descriptions and behaved in ways contrary to what their reputations would imply. Low self‐esteem subjects did not employ compensatory self‐enhancement. Moreover, the behavior of low self‐esteem subjects conformed to the randomly generated feedback when it (the feedback) was public but not when it was confidential. The expectation of future interaction was shown to be a mediating variable.

Question 16

Mi (2012)

Answer 16

Impression management plays a key part in social interaction. But its effects on self-concept change are merely studied. So this study investigates whether impression management will affect peoples‘ self-concept based on two-component model, studying the motivation of impression management and construction of it. Also, impression management as a certain behavior is affected by attitudes towards targets. This study adopt a speed-dating style experiment, requires participants evaluate their attitudes for each conversation partners and their feelings about themselves immediately after each conversation. The results demonstrate that people‘s attitudes towards targets, including the feeling of liking and evaluation of being liked, are related to how much effort people put into impression management. However, this attitude almost has nothing to do with how people manage their impressions, either by verbal behavior or nonverbal behavior. Furthermore, impression management has effect on people‘s self-concept shift. The harder people try to convey good images the more self-concept changes. Similarly, people choosing more positive nonverbal behavior are more likely to positively evaluate themselves, while negative nonverbal behavior is related to reduce of self-concept. However, there are merely relationships between verbal behavior and self-concept change, for not controlling individual differences.

Question 17

Bolino and Turnley (2001)

Answer 17

A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that high self-monitors more effectively manage impressions than low self-monitors do. Students in work groups indicated the extent to which they used 5 impression-management tactics over the course of a semester-long project. At the project’s conclusion, students provided their perceptions of the other members of their group. The relationship between impression management and image favorability was then examined across 339 student-student dyads. The results generally suggest that high self-monitors can use impression-management tactics more effectively than can low self-monitors. In particular, high self-monitors appear to be more adept than low self-monitors at using ingratiation, self-promotion, and exemplification to achieve favorable images among their colleagues.

Question 18

Goodman (2019)

Answer 18

Clinical supervision plays an essential role in the training and monitoring of novice counselors. Supervisors are responsible for supporting counselor development as well as protecting the public from incompetent care. To fulfil their multiple roles, supervisors rely on supervisees to make relevant disclosures about their work with clients. This includes supervisees asking questions and disclosing mistakes and potential deficits. Supervisee impression management, defined as behavior intended to portray a desirable image of the self, therefore influences the supervision process. The following central question guided this grounded theory study: What is the experience and process of impression management in clinical supervision? Eight supervisees shared their experiences of impression management in supervision through two rounds of semi-structured interviews. They reported that desired images of self were formulated ongoingly by noticing how multiple sources, including the supervisor, the site, and the self, defined images of desirable behavior. Situational and hierarchical elements of supervision also influenced supervisee experiences of desired and dreaded images in supervision. In order to portray specific images of competence, under some conditions, participants chose to engage in non-disclosure, fabricated disclosure, and controlled disclosure of vulnerabilities in supervision. The primary process by which participants made impression management decisions was through weighing the potential risks of disclosure against the utility of exposure. Consequences of participants’ impression management decisions reinforced their behavior, generating a cycle of impression management. Knowing more about how the process of impression management can unfold for supervisees offers useful information for supervisor training, counselor training, and supervisee role induction. This research informs how supervisors can create conditions that reduce detrimental impression management behavior in service of supporting novice counselors to provide competent client care.

Question 19

Herman et al. (2019)

Answer 19

People form impressions of others based on how much those others eat—we refer to these judgments as “consumptions stereotypes”. For example, people who eat large amounts of food are often viewed as more masculine and less feminine than are people who eat small amounts of food. Given the existence of these consumption stereotypes, people can use their food intake as a means of conveying a particular impression to others. For example, if you want to appear more feminine, then you could eat a smaller meal. In this chapter, we review the research on consumption stereotypes related to how much food a person eats, as well as evidence that amount of food that people eat is influenced by their motivation to convey particular impressions to others.

Question 20

O’Mara et al. (2018)

Answer 20

The present research sought to conceptually replicate and extend previous research showing that accurate self-promotional claims were associated with more favorable interpersonal evaluations than inaccurate claims, but that modest self-claims were evaluated most favorably. Across two experiments we found consistent evidence that a self-promotional claim paired with information that substantiates the claim is associated with more favorable interpersonal evaluations compared to when the claim is unsubstantiated. Despite proposed generational increases in narcissism and public venues for self-promotion, we found that that modest claims are evaluated even more positively than self-promotional claims. The discussion emphasizes the contribution of these findings to an understanding of the consequences of self-promotion.

Question 21

Antheunis et al. (2019)

Answer 21

This study investigated the impact of (the lack of) audiovisual cues during conversations preceding a first face-to-face meeting among prospective daters on daters’ perceptions of partners’ social and romantic attraction. Additionally, the study examined the effect of modality switching, from online to offline interaction. Thirty-nine individuals participated in a round-robin speed dating event, resulting in 95 unique conversation pairings. For their first conversations they were randomly assigned to meet via text-based CMC or videoconferencing. The dyads then had a second encounter, which was face-to-face. Results showed more social attraction between interactants who used text-based CMC than videoconferencing, supporting the hyperpersonal model of CMC. Furthermore, after a modality switch to a face-to-face encounter the hyperpersonal effect persisted for social attraction, while romantic attraction declined

Question 22

Kelly (2018)

Answer 22

With the rise of technology it becomes important to measure and analyze the communication patterns that are emerging from these changes. Technologies open up different communication patterns for individuals to use (Tomas & Carlson 2015; Walther, 1996; Wei & Leung, 1999). Thus, this study develops the “ASOHIO” perspective, which incorporates a range of new and old communication patterns, online communication, offline communication, synchronous communication, asynchronous communication, interpersonal communication, and hyperpersonal communication. This work also looks to extend the hyperpersonal model greatly by developing an actual multi-item scale to measure the construct at the individual level. Walther’s (1996) basic description of hyperpersonal communication breaks down that there are a lack of non-verbal cues, a sense of strategic communication, and computer-mediated communication. This study takes things a step further, with a breakdown of the components of hyperpersonal taking into account current technologies, as well as using Goffman’s “presentation of everyday self“ and “interaction ritual” to help define what hyperpersonal could really mean in the current hybrid communication environment.

Question 23

Sharabi and Caughlin (2018)

Answer 23

Deception is a common strategy for securing a first date with someone from an online dating site. But does the possibility of a second date still exist if deception was used to get the first one? To address this question, we investigated the effects of online dating deception on people’s subsequent offline interactions. Online daters (N = 94) were surveyed before and after their first date with a prospective partner. Their emails through the online dating site were also analyzed for linguistic markers of deception. Juxtaposing the self-report and observational email data revealed a positive association between participants’ deception and negative emotion words. Further results indicated that participants’ perceptions of their partner’s deception—but not their own—negatively predicted first date success.

Question 24

Guila et al. (2016)

Answer 24

This contribution has investigated self-presentation on Tinder with a sample of 156 young users recruited in the Netherlands. Going back to previous research on online
dating and impression management in computer-mediated communication, we distinguished four modes of self-presentation: authentic/actual, ideal, ought-to and false.
We found that ought-to self-presentation is the most prevalent form, followed by actual, ideal and false. Only very few users present a false picture of themselves by showing a different person on the photo. This might have to do with the primary purpose of the app to meet people in “real-life”. However, ideal self-presentation, where certain (unfavorable) features are hidden is more common in our sample, with almost on third of respondents using such practices. The findings also showed that the different modes of self-presentation are not exclusive. In certain situations, users might present more favorable – and less authentic – pictures of themselves (e.g., if they have accumulated no or few matches), in others (e.g., if they have accumulated many matches and went on
dates) they might use images that reflect their “true” identity. Future research should investigate under which conditions users are most likely to select which mode of selfpresentation.

see rest of paper for full conclusion https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/248333/1/Swipe%20Right_final.pdf