Attitudes and behaviour I - research

Question 1

Kornilova (2015)

Answer 1

the cognitive attitude component in professions is expressed as professional qualities and evaluations of themselves - i.e. what they THINK of themselves

Question 2

Brinol et al. (2019)

Answer 2

The history of attitudes research can be organized into three main sections covering attitude definition and measurement, attitude-behavior relationships, and attitude change. First, an evaluation of the history of attitude measurement reveals three relatively distinct phases: an early phase in which the classic direct self-report procedures were developed, a middle phase focused on “indirect” assessment devices, and a modern phase in which various measures designed to capture people’s automatic or “implicit” attitudes have flourished. Second, the history of attitude-behavior correspondence can be organized also around three broad themes: an early period in which the presumed close association between attitudes and behaviors was largely an article of faith; a middle period in which some researchers concluded that little, if any, relationship existed between measures of attitudes and overt behaviors; and a more recent period in which the resolution of prior issues stimulated an explosion of research focused on identifying the moderators and psychological mechanisms responsible for attitude-behavior correspondence. Finally, the history of research and ideas regarding attitude change and persuasion can be organized around several prominent theories focused on distinct single processes, dual processes, or multiple processes, each of which are still used by contemporary attitudes researchers.

Question 3

O’Connor et al. (2019)

Answer 3

Design:
A tripartite model of attitudes was used, which articulates attitudes as comprising knowledge and experience, emotions, and beliefs. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was used.

Participants:
A community sample of 180 participants completed the survey.

Results:
The average attitude and belief responses were very positive, the average emotions responses were somewhat positive. The sample had good knowledge of palliative care. Lowest knowledge scores were reported for the items: “Euthanasia is not part of palliative care,” “Palliative care does not prolong or shorten life,” and “Specialist palliative care is only available in hospitals.” After controlling place of birth and age, it was found that beliefs, emotions, and knowledge each accounted for a significant proportion of unique variance in attitude toward palliative care. Each variable had a positive relationship with attitude.

Conclusion:
Beliefs, emotions, and knowledge all need to be incorporated into palliative care community education programs.

Question 4

Croucamp (2016)

Answer 4

Method
A sample of 98 Australian adults participated in an online self‐report questionnaire where participants generated their cognitive, affective, and behavioural factors towards asylum seekers and then rated those factors on a continuum from ‘positive’ to ‘negative’.

Results
Multiple regression analysis confirmed the primary role of cognitive, then affective, factors in predicting attitudes towards asylum seekers. Cognitive information accounted for a moderate, significant 31.92% of the variance in overall attitudes towards asylum seekers. The unique variance contributed by affective information accounted for a small but significant 3.46% of the variance in overall attitudes; the unique variance contributed by behavioural information was not significant.

Conclusions
The results provide a holistic theoretical basis for the assertion that community attitudes towards asylum seekers are based primarily on cognitive evaluations of the minority group. These findings have implications for changing community attitudes towards people seeking asylum in Australia.

Question 5

Kwan and Bryan (2010)

Answer 5

positive affect (i.e. FEELINGS) leads to mote positive attitudes towards exercise and more likely to partake

Question 6

Kaur and Hundel (2017)

Answer 6

advertising and past buying experience has an impact of shopping buying

lack of generalisability - limited sample - one area and only women

Question 7

Kurdi (2019)

Answer 7

still relatively low correlations found between A and B (Implicit/explicit criterion correlations)

0.2-0.37

studies underpowered and lots ignored measurement error

Question 8

Sharda et al. (2019)

Answer 8

This paper is concerned with unraveling the contemporaneous relationship that exists between
attitudes and choice behaviors. Attitudes, perceptions, and preferences may shape behaviors; likewise, behavioral choices exercised by individuals may offer experiences that shape attitudes. While it is likely that these relationships play out over time, the question whether attitudes affect behaviors or behaviors affect attitudes at a specific cross-section in time remains unanswered and
a fruitful area of inquiry. Various studies in the literature have explored this question, but have done so without explicitly recognizing the heterogeneity that may exist in the population. In other words, the causal structure at play at any point in time may differ across individuals, thus
motivating the development of an approach that can account for the presence of multiple segments in the population, each following a different causal structure. However, the segments are unobserved to the analyst, necessitating the adoption of a latent segmentation approach to identify the extent to which alternative causal structures are prevalent in the population. This study utilizes a data set that includes attitudinal variables to examine relationships among attitudes towards
transit, residential location choice, and frequency of transit use (the latter two variables constituting choice behaviors). Results suggest that there is considerable heterogeneity in the population with the contemporaneous causal structures in which behaviors shape attitudes more prevalent than those in which attitudes affect choice behaviors. These findings have important implications for transport modeling and policy development.

Question 9

Serenko and Turel (2019)

Answer 9

This study advances the understanding of system use by suggesting that it can be driven by two types of attitudes. First, the often studied explicit attitude can be a basis upon which behavioral intentions are formed, and behavioral intentions drive system use. Second, the newly conceptualized and measured implicit attitude, which is triggered with limited or no awareness and intentional effort, can directly drive system use and serve as a basis upon which IS habit is formed. Explicit and implicit attitudes can uniquely explain variance in use behavior and act through separate mechanisms to influence system use.

Question 10

Montoya et al. (2018)

Answer 10

small but significant correlation = .20

Question 11

DiBello et al. (2019)

Answer 11

College alcohol beliefs and personal attitudes about alcohol use are important predictors of alcohol use and related problems both cross-sectionally and over time. However, little work has examined these constructs together and how they may influence one another in predicting various alcohol related outcomes over time. The current study aimed to evaluate one’s attitude toward heavy drinking as a mediator of the association between college alcohol beliefs and drinking related outcomes over a 12-month period of time. Participants were mandated students (n = 568; 28% female) who violated campus alcohol policy and received a Brief Motivational Intervention. Analyses included the use of linear regression for prospective predictions as well as PROCESS to evaluate the proposed mediation models. Overall, the results indicate that one’s attitude toward heavy drinking significantly mediates the association between college alcohol beliefs and drinks per week, binge frequency, as well as alcohol-related problems over 12 months. These findings provide a compelling rationale for incorporating both college alcohol beliefs and attitudes in the development and refinement of intervention strategies.

Question 12

Lawton et al. (2009)

Answer 12

Objective: The authors explore the role of affective attitudes in predicting 14 health-promoting or health-risk behaviors. Design: Participants (n = 390) completed questionnaire measures of affective and cognitive attitude and, 1 month later, reported their intentions and behavior. Main outcome measures: The outcome measures in this study were the Time 2 self-report measures of intention and behavior. Results: A series of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that affective attitude was a significantly more powerful predictor of behavior than cognitive attitude for 9 behaviors. Also, affective attitude had a direct effect on behavior that was not fully mediated by intention for 9 behaviors. In a final series of regressions, higher divergence between affective and cognitive attitudes was shown to strengthen the relationship between affective attitudes and behavior for illegal drug use, binge drinking, and smoking. Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of affect in the performance of health-related behaviors and suggest that interventions could usefully target the affective consequences of engaging in these behaviors. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed

Question 13

Wilcox (2019)

Answer 13

Online contexts, especially social networking sites, are becoming a widely available space to disseminate health information and target specific populations for health campaigns. Limited evidence for health message engagement in these contexts exists. This study draws on the elaboration likelihood model and construal level theory to predict processing time and recall when individuals are presented health messages from various sources and of differing viewpoints. Participants (n = 159) were shown messages about electronic cigarettes, designed to look like tweets, from socially close and socially distant others. Processing times were highest for pro-attitudinal messages while messages from socially close sources were more likely to be recalled, and increasing social distance increased the difference in processing times for pro- and counter-attitudinal messages. We demonstrate the applicability of behavioral measures in online studies, while finding that attitudes, social distance, and their interaction affect message processing.

Question 14

McCartan and Elliott (2018)

Answer 14

driving behaviour and attitudes

positive attitude dimension was more predictive of behaviour and was more accessible, hence why it eats more predictive

Question 15

Siegel et al. (2019)

Answer 15

Methods
Emphasizing prevention, the study focused exclusively on non-users. Study 1a assessed college students (N = 310) attitudes, VI, and intentions regarding NUPS among those with no prior NUPS experience. Respondents were sampled using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Study 1b investigated marijuana-abstinent college students (N = 93), recruited from college classrooms.

Results
The pattern of results was similar in both studies. In addition to an association between attitudes and VI, analysis revealed main effects for attitudes and VI on substance use intentions. Moreover, VI moderated the attitude-intention relationship (p < .01). Attitudes were most weakly associated with usage intentions when perceptions of VI were low (vs. moderate or strong).

Conclusion
Results of these studies replicate and expand prior findings relating VI to drug use, and suggest a potential path for future prevention efforts. The current study was cross-sectional, however if the causal pathways are as theorized, an intervention that reduces subjective VI has the potential to reduce positive attitudes while simultaneously reducing the influence of favorable attitudes on intentions.

Question 16

Schleicher et al. (2015)

Answer 16

job attitude strength moderated the relationship. twee job satisfaction (attitude) and behaviour

the relationship was stronger when people had stronger job satisfaction attitudes.

Question 17

Fazio and Schwen-Towles (1999)

Answer 17

The MODE model described in this chapter distinguishes between 2 classes attitude–behavior processes. The basic difference between the 2 types centers on the extent to which deciding on a particular course of action involves conscious deliberation regarding the alternatives or a spontaneous reaction to one’s perception of the immediate situation. An individual may analyze the costs and benefits of a particular behavior, and in so doing may deliberately reflect upon the attitudes relevant to the behavioral decision. These attitudes may serve as one of the possibly many dimensions that are considered in arriving at a behavior plan, which then may be enacted. Alternatively, attitudes may guide an individual’s behavior in a more spontaneous manner, without the individual’s having actively considered the relevant attitudes and without his or her necessarily being aware of the attitudes’ influence. Instead, the attitudes may influence how the person interprets the event that is occurring, and thus may affect the person’s behavioral response in that way. The authors review research that has been conducted to test the MODE model, specifically in the domain of racial attitudes and prejudice

Question 18

Chen (2019)

Answer 18

Understanding the formation and modification of preferences is important for explaining human behavior across many domains. Here we examined when and how preferences for food items can be changed by linking mere action versus inaction to these items. In 7 preregistered experiments, participants were trained to consistently respond to certain food items (go items) and not respond to other items (no-go items) in a go/no-go training. Next, to assess preferences, they repeatedly chose between go and no-go items for consumption. Decision time during the choice task was manipulated and measured. Immediately after training, participants chose go items more often for consumption when choosing under time pressure, for both high-value and low-value choice pairs. Preferences were reliably changed in favor of go items for choices between unhealthy foods, between healthy foods, and between healthy and unhealthy foods. Furthermore, preference change was still observed one week after training, although the effect size largely decreased. Interestingly, when participants made choices without time pressure, the effect became weaker and statistically nonsignificant. These results suggest that preference change induced by mere responding versus not responding is constrained to situations where people take little time to make decisions, and the effect is relatively short-lived. By showing the reliability, generalizability and boundary conditions of the effect, these findings advance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of go/no-go training, provide more insights into how the training can be effectively applied, and raise new theoretical questions on how mere action versus inaction impacts preferences.

Question 19

DiBello et al. (2018)

Answer 19

Social cognitive factors such as perceived norms and personal attitudes toward alcohol consumption are reliable predictors of alcohol use and related problems. The current study aimed to evaluate the relative importance of one’s attitude toward alcohol use as a unique and important predictor of drinking related outcomes when directly compared to perceived descriptive and injunctive norms. Participants were mandated students (n = 568; 28% female) who violated a campus alcohol policy and received a Brief Motivational Intervention. Analyses included the use of linear regression for prospective predictions to evaluate the relative importance of predictors which included perceived descriptive norms and injunctive norms, and attitudes toward moderate and heavy alcohol use. Overall, the results indicate that one’s attitude toward heavy alcohol use is a stronger predictor of drinks per week, binge frequency, as well as alcohol related problems when directly compared to norms. Thus, the findings of the current study provide a compelling rationale for incorporating attitudes in the development and refinement of intervention strategies.

Question 20

Nistor et al. (2019)

Answer 20

Technology acceptance models presuppose that technology users have clearly defined attitudes toward technology, which is not necessarily true. Complementary, social-psychological research proposes attitude strength (AS), a construct that has been so far insufficiently examined in the context of technology acceptance. Attitudes toward technology might become weaker after frequent changes in the used technology. This study examines the relationships between AS and educational technology acceptance predictors. In the case of N = 225 German undergraduate students of Educational Sciences, “millennials” using the learning management system Moodle, and based on structural equations modeling (SEM) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), we found significant relationships between AS and acceptance predictors. Further results suggest two situations leading to technology acceptance, one in which students are performance-oriented and comply with faculty recommendations; the other in which students are technically experienced and will accept any technology, but avoid technical problems and effort. While the latter situation is only vaguely suggested by SEM, it is much clearly indicated by fsQCA. For acceptance research, we conclude that current acceptance models should be extended by AS, and employ fsQCA. For educational practice, we recommend using fsQCA to assess acceptance predictors when educational technology is implemented in higher education. Practitioner Notes What is already known about this topic Educational technology acceptance is mainly represented by the use intention of that technology, further predicted by attitudes operationalized as performance and effort expectancy and social influence. Attitude strength (AS) can differ interindividually, and be directly related to attitudes or moderate the relationships between them. Little is known about the relationships between AS and technology acceptance models. Technology acceptance models are currently verified by regression and structural equations (SEM); fuzzy sets qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) additionally informs about factor configurations leading to an outcome. What this paper adds In a sample of over 200 German undergraduate students of Educational Sciences using Moodle as a learning management system, UTAUT could be partially verified. In one situation leading to technology acceptance, students are performance-oriented and comply with faculty recommendations. In another situation leading to acceptance, students are technically experienced and will accept any technology, but avoid technical problems and effort. While the latter situation is only vaguely suggested by SEM, it is much clearly indicated by fsQCA Implications for practice and/or policy AS may interindividually differ in response to frequent technology changes, and play a significant role for educational technology acceptance. Technology acceptance models used to assess the implementation of educational technologies in higher education can be extended by fsQCA, in order to identify configurations of acceptance factors leading to technology acceptance. Elaborating on different patterns, or situations, of use can lead to targeted educational interventions that enhance acceptance behaviors and, in the case of educational technology, that enhance learning.

Question 21

Zhang (2019)

Answer 21

Conversing with diverse points of view stands as the central tenet of deliberative democracy, yet empirical evidence has suggested mixed outcomes related to perspective change as a result of deliberative encounters. I propose a difference-driven model that suggests individual predispositions moderate the processing of dissimilar views when changing policy preferences. My analysis is based on a random sample of over 400 voters at a California-wide deliberative event, where participants discussed proposals for reforming the state politics. I find that encountering more and different arguments transforms policy attitudes. Yet it is more difficult for people to change their minds on issues about which they hold strong beliefs. Some evidence suggests that different psychologies are at play for people who enter deliberation with substantial or weak political knowledge and for those who deliberate while holding strong or moderate prior opinions. Well-grounded strong opinions are resistant to change, while well-grounded moderate opinions are persuadable in deliberative groups. Uninformed positions can become entrenched in like-minded groups, yet they can be adjusted once participants deliberate with dissimilar views, especially opinions that are held strongly without good informational ground. The findings urge deliberative forums that introduce participants to diverse perspectives to foster a considered public opinion.

Question 22

Kruglanski et al. (2015)

Answer 22

The issue of attitude-behavior relations is revisited in light of recent work on motivation and the
psychology of goals. It is suggested that for object-attitudes to drive a specific behavior, a chain of
contingencies must be realized: Liking must be transmuted into wanting, wanting must evolve into a goal,
the goal must be momentarily dominant, and the specific behavior must be chosen as means of goal
pursuit. Our model thus specifies a set of mediating processes that transpire between attitudes and
behavior. Prior theories of attitude-behavior relations are examined from the present perspective, and its
conceptual and empirical implications are noted.

Question 23

Kroesen et al. (2017)

Answer 23

Attitudes are thought to play an important role in determining people’s travel behavior, although researchers have acknowledged the possibility of a reverse relationship. Given the importance of knowledge about the direction of causation as a basis for policies and programs designed to effect behavioral change, the scarcity of in-depth research on this subject is surprising and problematic. The aim of the present paper is twofold: first to assess the bidirectional relationships between attitudes and behavior (in a transport context) and second to present a new framework to study attitude-behavior (in)consistency over time. To achieve these aims, we use data from a two-wave mobility panel to estimate cross-lagged panel models and latent transition models. Results indicate that use of a mode and the attitude towards using that mode mutually influence each other over time. As expected, we find that people who have dissonant (i.e., non-aligned) attitude-behavior patterns are less stable than those who have consonant patterns. Contrary to conventional wisdom and commonly used model structures, however, the effects of behaviors on attitudes are much larger than vice versa. That is, dissonant travelers are more inclined to adjust their attitudes to align those with their behavior than vice versa. Based on these results, we outline several implications for research and policy.

Question 24

Gallitto et al. (2019)

Answer 24

against Wilson et al. (1989)

more knowledge (introspection) of children’s rights was a better predictor of attitudes towards spanking children

more agree with rights = less agree with spanking

Question 25

Nayakankuppama et al. (2018)

Answer 25

Disagreement exists as to the psychological processes underlying reports of evaluative judgments, with some theorists suggesting that attitudes can be retrieved and used to guide evaluative judgments, and others suggesting that such judgments are the result of construction, wherein evaluative judgments are constructed on the spot, and as needed. We propose the attitude strength moderation model, which predicts that evaluative judgments of an object associated with strong attitudes are often the result of retrieval processes, whereas the evaluative judgments associated with weak attitudes are often the result of construction processes. We examine these hypotheses in three experiments. The first and second experiments compare response latencies to sequential evaluative and attribute judgments. The third experiment uses eye-tracking. All three experiments provide support for the attitude strength moderation model.

Question 26

Vaughn-Johnston (2016)

Answer 26

Introspection is the process by which individuals question their attitudes; either questioning why they hold their attitudes (Why introspection), or how they feel about a particular attitude object

(How introspection). Previous research has suggested that Why-introspection induces attitude change, and that Why and How introspection influence attitude-behaviour consistency, persuasion, and other effects. Generally, psychologists have assumed that affective and cognitive attitude bases are the mechanism by which introspection leads to these effects. Leading perspectives originating from these findings suggest that either Why introspection changes the content of cognitive attitude bases (the skewness hypothesis), or increases the salience of cognitive attitude bases (the dominance hypothesis); whereas How introspection may increase the salience of affective attitude bases (another part of the dominance hypothesis). However, direct evidence for these mechanisms is lacking, and the distinction between structural and meta bases has not been considered. Two studies investigated this gap in the existing literature. Both studies measured undergraduate students’ attitudes and attitude bases (both structural and meta, affective and cognitive) before and after engaging in an introspection manipulation (Why introspection / How introspection / control), and after reading a (affective / cognitive) persuasive passage about the attitude object. No evidence was found supporting either the skewness or dominance hypotheses. Furthermore, previous introspection effects were not replicated in the present data. Possible reasons for these null findings are proposed, and several unexpected effects are examined.

Question 27

Chatzisarantis et al. (2019)

Answer 27

Results
In partial support of our hypothesis, non-linear analysis revealed that in 7 out of 13 studies intentions predicted physical activity participation when intentions were favourable, but when intentions were unfavourable effects of intentions on physical activity participation were smaller.

Conclusions
The theoretical significance of the present study is that it identifies a new boundary condition for the construct of intentions that delineates the more specific conditions under which intentions are more likely to predict participation in physical activities.

Question 28

Chi et al. (2018)

Answer 28

attitudes towards a specific event are influenced by having direct experience with a particular event

Question 29

Ajzen (1985)

Answer 29

There appears to be general agreement among social psychologists that most human behavior is goal-directed (e. g., Heider, 1958 ; Lewin, 1951). Being neither capricious nor frivolous, human social behavior can best be described as following along lines of more or less well-formulated plans. Before attending a concert, for example, a person may extend an invitation to a date, purchase tickets, change into proper attire, call a cab, collect the date, and proceed to the concert hall. Most, if not all, of these activities will have been designed in advance; their execution occurs as the plan unfolds. To be sure, a certain sequence of actions can become so habitual or routine that it is performed almost automatically, as in the case of driving from home to work or playing the piano. Highly developed skills of this kind typically no longer require conscious formulation of a behavioral plan. Nevertheless, at least in general outline, we are normally well aware of the actions required to attain a certain goal. Consider such a relatively routine behavior as typing a letter. When setting this activity as a goal, we anticipate the need to locate a typewriter, insert a sheet of paper, adjust the margins, formulate words and sentences, strike the appropriate keys, and so forth. Some parts of the plan are more routine, and require less conscious thought than others, but without an explicit or implicit plan to guide the required sequence of acts, no letter would get typed.

Question 30

Choi and Johnson (2019)

Answer 30

Responding to prior research that has been equivocal on the role of general environmental motivations and addressing arguments on hedonic motivations in purchasing green products, the purpose of our study was to specify a hierarchical model of green purchasing. Environmental concern and environmental knowledge along with adventurous spirit as general environmental and hedonic motivations were examined. Situation- and issue-specific motivations, perceived environmental effectiveness, and novelty seeking were also included in the model. Data was collected from 284 adults enrolled in an online panel survey. The three TPB constructs accounted for 50.8% of the variance in purchase intention but only attitude and subjective norm had appreciable effects. Findings supported the claim that it is situation- and issue-specific motivations that are direct constructs of a specific behavior rather than general motivations. Environmental knowledge had an appreciable effect in explaining purchase intention while environmental concern did not. When novelty seeking was controlled, adventurous spirit accounted for no additional variance in purchase intention.

Question 31

Parkinson et al. (2018)

Answer 31

Design/methodology/approach
An online survey of 1,275 American and Australian women was undertaken to test the Model of Goal Behavior in a breastfeeding context. Structural equation modeling and multi-group analysis of novice (first-time mothers) and experienced mothers is used to test the hypotheses.

Findings
The findings demonstrate emotion and experience matter when understanding a complex social behavior such as breastfeeding. The emotional variables in the model had significant relationships, while the cognitive variables of instrumental and affective attitude did not. As women progress through their customer journey (from novice to experienced), the behavioral drivers change.

Practical implications
This research demonstrates an emotion, and experience-focused approach should guide the design of social marketing interventions aimed at changing complex social behaviors.

Originality/value
This research presents empirical evidence to challenge the pervasive use of planned behavior models and theories in marketing. Importantly, in social behavior models, emotion rather than attitudes have a larger role in determining intentions and behaviors.