The Respiratory System

Question 1

adenoid/o

Answer 1

adenoid

Question 2

epiglott/o

Answer 2

epiglottis

Question 3

laryng/o

Answer 3

larynx

Question 4

nas/o

Answer 4

nose

Question 5

rhin/o

Answer 5

nose

Question 6

pharyng/o

Answer 6

pharynx

Question 7

tonsill/o

Answer 7

tonsils

Question 8

upper respiratory tract - nose/nasal cavity

Answer 8

includes nasal septum and sinuses

structure = large irregular cavity, divided into 2 equal parts, mucous membrane

function = warm, moisten and filter air entering respiratory system

Question 9

upper respiratory tract - pharynx

Answer 9

common name = throat

structure = tube, travels behind mouth to C6, 3 parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngeal pharynx

function = passage for food/air, warm/moisten/filter air, assist with speech

Question 10

upper respiratory tract - larynx

Answer 10

voice box

structure = flexible, composed of thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid cartilage

function = respiratory (allows air to pass through while stopping food/liquid entering), speech (houses vocal cords)

Question 11

respiratory function of the larynx

Answer 11

pulmonary aspiration = condition in which food/liquid/saliva/vomit breathed into airways

preventing aspiration:

1. larynx lifts up to level of epiglottis
2. epiglottis closes over closing to larynx
3. food bolus passes into esophagus

Question 12

alveol/o

Answer 12

alveoli (air sacks)

Question 13

bronch/o

Answer 13

bronchial tube

Question 14

bronchiol/o

Answer 14

bronchiole

Question 15

pneumon/o

Answer 15

lung

Question 16

pulmon/o

Answer 16

lung

Question 17

trache/o

Answer 17

trachea

Question 18

lower respiratory tract - trachea

Answer 18

windpipe that divides into left and right bronchi

structure = 3 layers:
outermost = elastic/fibrous, encloses cartilage
middle = cartilage, bands of smooth muscle
inner lining = columnar epithelium, ciliated with mucous
secreting cells

function = allow air to pass through to bronchi

Question 19

lower respiratory tract - bronchi and bronchioles

Answer 19

bronchi = large airways, branch off trachea, bronchioles = smaller divisions of the bronchi

structure = right bronchus (shorter/wider, 3 bronchioles, 1 for each lobe) and left bronchus (2 bronchioles, 1 for each lobe)

function = pathway for air between trachea and alveoli

Question 20

lower respiratory tract - alveoli

Answer 20

structure = single cell thick, surrounded by capillary network, tiny sacs = clusters

function = exchange O2 and CO2 to and from bloodstream (gaseous exchange)

Question 21

lungs - structure + function

Answer 21

located in thoracic cavity, left = 2 lobes = superior/inferior, right = 3 lobes = superior/middle/inferior

structure = cone shaped, apex, base, tip, costal and medial surface

function = provide gas exchange b/w blood and external environment

Question 22

pleura - structure + function

Answer 22

lungs covered with thin serous layer = pleura

structure:
visceral pleura = covers lungs inc. each fissure and lobe
parietal pleura = covers inner chest wall of thoracic cavity

function = lubrication = reduce friction during breathing

Question 23

ventilation

Answer 23

movement of air into and out of the lungs via inspiration and exhalation

Question 24

respiration

Answer 24

movement of air/oxygen from the external environment to the cells of the body

Question 25

aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 25

chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down glucose to release energy

Question 26

gas exchange

Answer 26

delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs

Question 27

features of gas exchange to increase efficiency

Answer 27

thin walls = reduced diffusion pathway good blood supply = maintains concentration gradient large surface area moist surfaces = gasses can dissolve before diffusion

Question 28

cyan/o

Answer 28

blue

Question 29

coni/o

Answer 29

dust

Question 30

atelectasis

Answer 30

``` atel = incomplete ectasis = dilation/stretching/widening ``` therefore atelectasis = incomplete widening of the lungs = 'collapsed lung'

Question 31

inhalation/inspiration

Answer 31

diaphragm + intercostals contract ribcage move up and out visceral pleura pulled outwards increase thoracic volume = decrease intrathoracic and interpulmonary pressure = air sucked into lungs

Question 32

exhalation/expiration

Answer 32

diaphragm + intercostals relax ribcage move down and in elastic lung tissue recoils decrease thoracic volume = increase intrathoracic and interpulmonary pressure = air pushed out of lungs

Question 33

phren/o

Answer 33

diaphragm

Question 34

-pnoea

Answer 34

breathing

Question 35

actions of respiratory muscles during inspiration

Answer 35

neck/chest muscles -> increase expansion of ribcage includes: sternocleidomastoid (SCM) scalenes (anterior/middle/posterior) pec major and minor

Question 36

actions of respiratory muscles during exhalation

Answer 36

allow forceful expiration - often with exercise | includes: abdominals (rectus abdominis, internal and external obliques, transverse abdominals)

Question 37

controlling respiratory rate

Answer 37

chemoreceptors detect and monitor CO2 levels in body increase CO2 = increase resp. rate to blow off extra decrease CO2 = decrease resp. rate