The Respiratory System Flashcards
adenoid/o
adenoid
epiglott/o
epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx
nas/o
nose
rhin/o
nose
pharyng/o
pharynx
tonsill/o
tonsils
upper respiratory tract - nose/nasal cavity
includes nasal septum and sinuses
structure = large irregular cavity, divided into 2 equal parts, mucous membrane
function = warm, moisten and filter air entering respiratory system
upper respiratory tract - pharynx
common name = throat
structure = tube, travels behind mouth to C6, 3 parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngeal pharynx
function = passage for food/air, warm/moisten/filter air, assist with speech
upper respiratory tract - larynx
voice box
structure = flexible, composed of thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid cartilage
function = respiratory (allows air to pass through while stopping food/liquid entering), speech (houses vocal cords)
respiratory function of the larynx
pulmonary aspiration = condition in which food/liquid/saliva/vomit breathed into airways
preventing aspiration:
- larynx lifts up to level of epiglottis
- epiglottis closes over closing to larynx
- food bolus passes into esophagus
alveol/o
alveoli (air sacks)
bronch/o
bronchial tube
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
pneumon/o
lung
pulmon/o
lung
trache/o
trachea
lower respiratory tract - trachea
windpipe that divides into left and right bronchi
structure = 3 layers:
outermost = elastic/fibrous, encloses cartilage
middle = cartilage, bands of smooth muscle
inner lining = columnar epithelium, ciliated with mucous
secreting cells
function = allow air to pass through to bronchi
lower respiratory tract - bronchi and bronchioles
bronchi = large airways, branch off trachea, bronchioles = smaller divisions of the bronchi
structure = right bronchus (shorter/wider, 3 bronchioles, 1 for each lobe) and left bronchus (2 bronchioles, 1 for each lobe)
function = pathway for air between trachea and alveoli
lower respiratory tract - alveoli
structure = single cell thick, surrounded by capillary network, tiny sacs = clusters
function = exchange O2 and CO2 to and from bloodstream (gaseous exchange)
lungs - structure + function
located in thoracic cavity, left = 2 lobes = superior/inferior, right = 3 lobes = superior/middle/inferior
structure = cone shaped, apex, base, tip, costal and medial surface
function = provide gas exchange b/w blood and external environment
pleura - structure + function
lungs covered with thin serous layer = pleura
structure:
visceral pleura = covers lungs inc. each fissure and lobe
parietal pleura = covers inner chest wall of thoracic cavity
function = lubrication = reduce friction during breathing
ventilation
movement of air into and out of the lungs via inspiration and exhalation
respiration
movement of air/oxygen from the external environment to the cells of the body
aerobic cellular respiration
chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down glucose to release energy
gas exchange
delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs
features of gas exchange to increase efficiency
thin walls = reduced diffusion pathway
good blood supply = maintains concentration gradient
large surface area
moist surfaces = gasses can dissolve before diffusion
cyan/o
blue
coni/o
dust
atelectasis
atel = incomplete ectasis = dilation/stretching/widening
therefore atelectasis = incomplete widening of the lungs =
‘collapsed lung’
inhalation/inspiration
diaphragm + intercostals contract
ribcage move up and out
visceral pleura pulled outwards
increase thoracic volume = decrease intrathoracic and interpulmonary pressure = air sucked into lungs
exhalation/expiration
diaphragm + intercostals relax
ribcage move down and in
elastic lung tissue recoils
decrease thoracic volume = increase intrathoracic and interpulmonary pressure = air pushed out of lungs
phren/o
diaphragm
-pnoea
breathing
actions of respiratory muscles during inspiration
neck/chest muscles -> increase expansion of ribcage
includes: sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
scalenes (anterior/middle/posterior)
pec major and minor
actions of respiratory muscles during exhalation
allow forceful expiration - often with exercise
includes: abdominals (rectus abdominis, internal and external obliques, transverse abdominals)
controlling respiratory rate
chemoreceptors detect and monitor CO2 levels in body
increase CO2 = increase resp. rate to blow off extra
decrease CO2 = decrease resp. rate
