Body systems, macromolecules

Question 1

levels or organistaion

Answer 1

chemicals;
cells;
tissues;
organs;
body systems;
organisms.

Question 2

human body systems

Answer 2

1. skeletal
2. nervous
3. muscular
4. urinary
5. endocrine
6. digestive
7. immune
8. integumentary
9. cardiovascular
10. reproductive
11. lymphatic
12. respiratory

Question 3

functional characteristics for maintaining life

Answer 3

Maintain boundaries/movement
Reproduction
Sensitivity/responsiveness
Growth
Respiration
Excretion
Nutrition/digestion
(MRS GRENC)

Question 4

what is required to maintain life

Answer 4

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, atmospheric pressure

Question 5

chemistry of the human body

Answer 5

atoms -> composed of neutrons, protons, electrons
elements -> consist of only 1 type of atom
compounds -> consist of 2 or more different types of atoms
molecules -> consists of 2 or more atoms

Question 6

chemistry of the human body - ions

Answer 6

ion -> atom that gains or loses electrons and thus acquires an electrical charge
anion -> gains electron, negatively charged
cation -> loses electron, positively charged

Question 7

water, H2O

Answer 7

• polar molecule
• most abundant compound in human body
• involved in many processes e.g. transport, absorption, excretion, secretion, universal solvent, chemical reactions, dehydration

Question 8

intake and output of water

Answer 8

intake -> liquid, food e.g. lettuce

output -> sweat, urine, faeces, water vapor

Question 9

acids, bases, pH

Answer 9

H+ = acidic
OH- = alkaline
maintained b/w 7.35-7.45
maintained by: buffering, respiratory system, kidneys

Question 10

buffer systems to regulate pH -> primary

Answer 10

• predominately found dissolved in blood

- buffer = sub preventing radical change in pH by absorbing excess H+ or OH- ions

Question 11

buffer systems to regulate pH -> secondary

Answer 11

• respiratory system -> increase RR
• remove CO2 to decrease acidity
• urinary system -> HCO3- (increase)
• decrease H+

Question 12

structure of carbohydrates

Answer 12

composed of CHO
1) monosaccharides/single unit sugars (glucose, galactose, fructose)
2) disaccharides/double unit sugars (sucrose, maltose, lactose)
3) polysaccharides/long chains
(glycogen, starch)

Question 13

function of carbohydrates

Answer 13

1. energy production
glycolysis = breaking down of glucose
aerobic cellular respiration = synthesis of ATP
2. energy storage
stored as glycogen (liver and muscles)
3. building macromolecules
converted to (deoxy)ribose for DNA/RNA
excess -> fat
4. sparing protein
not enough glucose for energy production results in breakdown of protein

Question 14

structure of lipids

Answer 14

group of substances that are hydrophobic - cannot be mixed with water
also referred to as fats

Question 15

function of lipids

Answer 15

1. insulation/thermoregulation
2. protection of organs
3. energy reserve (secondary energy source)
4. absorption of vitamins A, D, E, K

Question 16

structure of proteins

Answer 16

made of amino acids (20 different, split between essential and non-essential)
DNA within nucleus codes for synthesis of specific proteins

Question 17

function of proteins

Answer 17

1. structural and mechanical e.g. help build muscle
2. enzymes e.g. speed up chem reaction
3. hormones e.g. building blocks - endocrine system
4. antibodies e.g. immune system
5. transport e.g. blood cells
6. channels and pumps e.g. facilitated diffusion, active transport

Question 18

enzymes -> specific catalysts

Answer 18

biological catalyst as speed up chemical reactions
highly specific and selective
class of proteins
recognize by ‘ase’ ending