Cells, tissues, membranes

Question 1

prokaryotic cells

Answer 1

simplest cellular organism
single celled
lack nucleus + membrane bound organelles
e.g. bacteria

Question 2

eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

more complex
contain nucleus + membrane bound organelles
make up most multi-cellular organisms

Question 3

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 3

synthesizes hormones and lipids

Question 4

function of golgi apparatus

Answer 4

proteins move to GA where they are bound to organelles and are stored until needed

Question 5

function of lysosomes

Answer 5

vesicles from GA, enzymes within used to breakdown organelle fragments/larger molecules

Question 6

function of centrosomes

Answer 6

direct microtubule organization within cell

Question 7

function of nucleolus

Answer 7

essential for formation of ribosomes, composed of mostly RNA

Question 8

function of nucleus

Answer 8

hold DNA/genetic info of body

Question 9

function of mitochondria

Answer 9

provides chemical energy for cell through aerobic cellular respiration

Question 10

function of ribosomes

Answer 10

hold RNA, synthesize proteins from amino acids

Question 11

function of rough endoplasmic reticulm

Answer 11

protein synthesis occurs here as RER is studded with ribosomes

Question 12

function of plasma membrane

Answer 12

regulate input/output of cell, acting as a boundary

Question 13

function of cytoplasam

Answer 13

help maintain the shape of the cell through chemical reactions

Question 14

specialized cells - red blood cells

Answer 14

function - to carry oxygen

structure - large SA for O2 to pass through (increasing diffusion)
contains haemoglobin which joins with O2
no nucleus

Question 15

specialized cells - nerve cells

Answer 15

function - to carry nerve impulses to different parts of the body

structure - long, connections at each end, can carry electrical signals

Question 16

specialized cells - female reproductive cell (egg cell)

Answer 16

function - to join with male cell and then provide food for the new cell formed

structure - large, contains lots of cytoplasam

Question 17

specialized cells - male reproductive cell (sperm cell)

Answer 17

function - to reach female cell and join with it

structure - long tail for swimming, head for getting into female cell

Question 18

types of cell damage

Answer 18

physical - trauma, temp extremes, radiation
biological - bacteria, virus, parasite
chemical- toxins, poisons, foreign substances
metabolic - ischemia, toxic build up, nutritional imbalance, fluid imbalance

Question 19

cell death - apoptosis

Answer 19

the natural death of cells/programmed cell death

Question 20

cell death - necrosis

Answer 20

a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue, often resulting from a lack of blood flow

Question 21

transport in cells - gaseous exchange

Answer 21

diffusion

passage of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration, down a concentration gradient

Question 22

transport in cells - osmosis

Answer 22

only water
diffusion of water down its concentration gradient
passive, does not require energy

Question 23

transport in cells - active transport

Answer 23

requires energy

transport is working up/against a concentration gradient

Question 24

cellular adaptions - diffusion

Answer 24

rate of diffusion increases with larger SA
structure -> organ -> substance:

nephron -> kidney -> water/ions/glucose
alveolus -> lungs -> oxygen, carbon dioxide
villi -> small intestine -> fatty acids + glycerol into bloodstream

Question 25

tissues

Answer 25

large number of the same cell type
they are categorized by size, shape, function
connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

Question 26

muscle tissue -> structure, function, location, examples/types

Answer 26

structure -> ability to contract and relax

function -> control movement of oxygen, blood, nutrients, calcium, waste
-> controlling body movements

location/types -> smooth, cardiac, skeletal

Question 27

connective tissue -> structure, function, location, examples/types

Answer 27

structure -> most contain fibrous strands, contain fluid component

function -> support internal organs (help hold in place)

• > transport of substances
• > protection
• > insulation

location/types -> found between different tissues and organs, types include blood, bone, adipose, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, fascia

Question 28

epithelial tissue -> structure, function, location, examples/types

Answer 28

structure -> large sheets of continuous cells

function -> protection (lines organs and external surfaces), secretion of substances, absorption (e.g. of nutrients)

location -> body surface, body cavity + internal organs (lining), glands, examples include skin

types -> squamous (simple and stratified)
cuboidal (simple and stratified)
columnar (simple, stratified,
pseudostratified)

Question 29

nervous tissue -> structure, function, location, examples/types

Answer 29

structure -> 3 principle parts (dendrite, axon, cell body)

function -> communication, provide sensory information, sends motor signals to specific organs/tissues to control cellular functions

locations -> CNS, PNS

types/examples -> neurons, gila

Question 30

tissue membranes

Answer 30

a thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body (skin), organs (pericardium), internal passageways that open to the exterior of the body (mucosa of stomach), and the lining of the moveable joint cavities
two types: connective, epithelial

Question 31

epithelial membrane

Answer 31

structure/location -> cover or line internal structures or cavities, composed of epithelium attached to layer of connective tissue

function -> protect underlying tissue, absorption, secretion, reception of sensory info

examples/types -> cutaneous (skin) = dry
mucous = moist/open to outside
serous = line cavities closed to outside

Question 32

epithelial membrane -> serous

Answer 32

structure = watery fluid contained within double layered loose connective tissue
2 layers -> visceral (inner, surround organs) and parietal (outer, lines inside of cavity)

function = secrete lubricating fluid which reduces friction

location = heart, lungs, abdominal organs

examples = pericardium, pleura, peritoneum

Question 33

epithelial membrane -> mucous

Answer 33

structure = one + layers of epithelial cells overlying layer of connective tissue

function = protection (acts to trap foreign particles), lubrication (allowing movement of substances)

location = direct opening to external environment e.g. nose/mouth/anus/uretha/vagina

examples = digestive/genitourinary/respiratory tract

Question 34

connective membrane -> synovial

Answer 34

structure = lines cavities of joints that move and surrounding tendons

function = prevent friction from damage to tissue by secreting synovial tissue -> lubricate

location = line cavities that do not open to outside

examples = shoulder, knee, elbow