Cells, tissues, membranes Flashcards
prokaryotic cells
simplest cellular organism
single celled
lack nucleus + membrane bound organelles
e.g. bacteria
eukaryotic cells
more complex
contain nucleus + membrane bound organelles
make up most multi-cellular organisms
function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizes hormones and lipids
function of golgi apparatus
proteins move to GA where they are bound to organelles and are stored until needed
function of lysosomes
vesicles from GA, enzymes within used to breakdown organelle fragments/larger molecules
function of centrosomes
direct microtubule organization within cell
function of nucleolus
essential for formation of ribosomes, composed of mostly RNA
function of nucleus
hold DNA/genetic info of body
function of mitochondria
provides chemical energy for cell through aerobic cellular respiration
function of ribosomes
hold RNA, synthesize proteins from amino acids
function of rough endoplasmic reticulm
protein synthesis occurs here as RER is studded with ribosomes
function of plasma membrane
regulate input/output of cell, acting as a boundary
function of cytoplasam
help maintain the shape of the cell through chemical reactions
specialized cells - red blood cells
function - to carry oxygen
structure - large SA for O2 to pass through (increasing diffusion)
contains haemoglobin which joins with O2
no nucleus
specialized cells - nerve cells
function - to carry nerve impulses to different parts of the body
structure - long, connections at each end, can carry electrical signals
specialized cells - female reproductive cell (egg cell)
function - to join with male cell and then provide food for the new cell formed
structure - large, contains lots of cytoplasam
specialized cells - male reproductive cell (sperm cell)
function - to reach female cell and join with it
structure - long tail for swimming, head for getting into female cell
types of cell damage
physical - trauma, temp extremes, radiation
biological - bacteria, virus, parasite
chemical- toxins, poisons, foreign substances
metabolic - ischemia, toxic build up, nutritional imbalance, fluid imbalance
cell death - apoptosis
the natural death of cells/programmed cell death
cell death - necrosis
a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue, often resulting from a lack of blood flow
transport in cells - gaseous exchange
diffusion
passage of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration, down a concentration gradient
transport in cells - osmosis
only water
diffusion of water down its concentration gradient
passive, does not require energy
transport in cells - active transport
requires energy
transport is working up/against a concentration gradient
cellular adaptions - diffusion
rate of diffusion increases with larger SA
structure -> organ -> substance:
nephron -> kidney -> water/ions/glucose
alveolus -> lungs -> oxygen, carbon dioxide
villi -> small intestine -> fatty acids + glycerol into bloodstream
tissues
large number of the same cell type
they are categorized by size, shape, function
connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
muscle tissue -> structure, function, location, examples/types
structure -> ability to contract and relax
function -> control movement of oxygen, blood, nutrients, calcium, waste -> controlling body movements
location/types -> smooth, cardiac, skeletal
connective tissue -> structure, function, location, examples/types
structure -> most contain fibrous strands, contain fluid component
function -> support internal organs (help hold in place)
- > transport of substances
- > protection
- > insulation
location/types -> found between different tissues and organs, types include blood, bone, adipose, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, fascia
epithelial tissue -> structure, function, location, examples/types
structure -> large sheets of continuous cells
function -> protection (lines organs and external surfaces), secretion of substances, absorption (e.g. of nutrients)
location -> body surface, body cavity + internal organs (lining), glands, examples include skin
types -> squamous (simple and stratified)
cuboidal (simple and stratified)
columnar (simple, stratified,
pseudostratified)
nervous tissue -> structure, function, location, examples/types
structure -> 3 principle parts (dendrite, axon, cell body)
function -> communication, provide sensory information, sends motor signals to specific organs/tissues to control cellular functions
locations -> CNS, PNS
types/examples -> neurons, gila
tissue membranes
a thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body (skin), organs (pericardium), internal passageways that open to the exterior of the body (mucosa of stomach), and the lining of the moveable joint cavities
two types: connective, epithelial
epithelial membrane
structure/location -> cover or line internal structures or cavities, composed of epithelium attached to layer of connective tissue
function -> protect underlying tissue, absorption, secretion, reception of sensory info
examples/types -> cutaneous (skin) = dry
mucous = moist/open to outside
serous = line cavities closed to outside
epithelial membrane -> serous
structure = watery fluid contained within double layered loose connective tissue
2 layers -> visceral (inner, surround organs) and parietal (outer, lines inside of cavity)
function = secrete lubricating fluid which reduces friction
location = heart, lungs, abdominal organs
examples = pericardium, pleura, peritoneum
epithelial membrane -> mucous
structure = one + layers of epithelial cells overlying layer of connective tissue
function = protection (acts to trap foreign particles), lubrication (allowing movement of substances)
location = direct opening to external environment e.g. nose/mouth/anus/uretha/vagina
examples = digestive/genitourinary/respiratory tract
connective membrane -> synovial
structure = lines cavities of joints that move and surrounding tendons
function = prevent friction from damage to tissue by secreting synovial tissue -> lubricate
location = line cavities that do not open to outside
examples = shoulder, knee, elbow
