The Cardiovascular System

Question 1

cardi/o

Answer 1

heart

Question 2

coron/o

Answer 2

heart

Question 3

systemic circulation

Answer 3

carries oxygenated blood from heart to tissues

O2 diffuse from blood (high) to tissues (low)
CO2 diffuse from tissues (high) to blood (low)

carries deoxygenated blood from tissues to heart

Question 4

pulmonary circulation

Answer 4

carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

O2 diffuse from lungs (high) to blood (low)
CO2 diffuse from blood (high) to lungs (low)

carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

Question 5

angi/o

Answer 5

vessel

Question 6

aort/o

Answer 6

aorta

Question 7

arteri/o

Answer 7

artery

Question 8

arteriol/o

Answer 8

arteriole

Question 9

phleb/o

Answer 9

vein

Question 10

ven/o

Answer 10

vein

Question 11

venul/o

Answer 11

venule

Question 12

-stenosis

Answer 12

narrowing (abnormal narrowing of a passage in the blood)

Question 13

-sclerosis

Answer 13

hardening (abnormal hardening of body tissue)

Question 14

arteries - structure and function

Answer 14

structure = thick muscular wall + small lumen (hole)

function = carry blood at high pressure (rapid flow) + carry blood away from heart
blood usually oxygenated apart from pulmonary artery

Question 15

arterioles - structure and function

Answer 15

structure = branch off the arteries (smaller lumen) -> further from heart

function = direct oxygenated blood from major artery to capillary bed

Question 16

capillaries - structure and function

Answer 16

structure = single layer of smooth muscle cells

function = diffusion of nutrients/waste between blood and tissue

Question 17

venules - structure and function

Answer 17

structure = capillaries converge into venules which converge into vein

function = direct deoxygenated blood from a capillary to vein

Question 18

veins - structure and function

Answer 18

structure = thin floppy wall + large lumen (hole) + one way valves

function = carry blood at low pressure (slow/even flow) + carry blood to heart
blood usually deoxygenated apart from pulmonary vein
one way valves ensure blood only travel 1 direction back to heart to prevent backflow/pooling

Question 19

layers of the heart wall - location and description

Answer 19

pericardium (outermost layer) - fibrous sac, encapsulates heart

myocardium (middle layer) - made of cardiac tissue, involuntary, transmits electrical stimuli

endocardium (innermost layer) - lines chambers + valves of heart

Question 20

heart chambers - atria and ventricles

Answer 20

RA - receives deoxy blood from body, empties into RV

RV - pumps deoxy blood through pulmonary artery to lungs

LA - receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins, empties into LV

LV - pumps oxygenated blood through aorta to body

Question 21

major vessels of the heart

Answer 21

aorta (biggest artery) - carry oxy blood to body from LV

sup. vena cava (biggest vein) - empty deoxy blood into RA from structures above diaphragm
infer. vena cava (biggest vein) - empty deoxy blood into RA from structures below diaphragm

pulmonary artery - carry deoxy blood from heart to lungs

pulmonary vein - carry oxy blood from lungs to heart

Question 22

heart structure - septum structure/function

Answer 22

muscular wall between L & R side -> seperation

Question 23

heart structure - valves structure/function

Answer 23

tricuspid = 3= R) = prevent regurgitation of blood back into RA

bicuspid = 2= L) = prevent regurgitation of blood back into LA

semilunar valves = aortic + pulmonary = prevent reflux of blood back into ventricles

Question 24

heart structure - chordae tendinae structure/function

Answer 24

structure = strong fibrous chords connecting leaflets of bi and tricuspid valves to papillary muscle

function = regulate opening and closing of the valves

Question 25

blood supply for the heart

Answer 25

left and right coronary blood vessels branch from the aorta and supply the heart

Question 26

MI / myocardial infarction

Answer 26

-reduced blood flow in coronary artery -can be due to: atherosclerosis occlusion (embolus/thrombus) -irreversible damage to myocardial tissue caused by ischemia and hypoxia

Question 27

nerve supply to the heart

Answer 27

sympathetic nervous system = increases firing rate of SA node and thus increases heart rate parasympathetic nervous system = decreases firing rate of SA node and thus decreases heart rate

Question 28

cardiac conduction system - SA (sinoatrial) node | what, location, function

Answer 28

what - collection of specialised cells (pacemaker cells) location - upper wall of RA, junction where SVC enters function - spontaneously generate electrical impulses to trigger atrial contraction

Question 29

cardiac conduction system - AV (atrioventricular) node | what, location, function

Answer 29

what - small mass of neuromuscular tissue location - wall of atrial septum, near AV valves (tricuspid) function - transmit electrical signals from A to V, delays impulses to ensure A = fully empty b/4 ventricular contraction, back up pacemaker if SA node damaged

Question 30

cardiac conduction system - Bundle of his | what, location, function

Answer 30

what - specialised mass of fibers, originate from AV node location - upper end of ventricular septum (branches into L and R bundle branches) function - transmit electrical signal from AV node to Purkinje fibers for ventricular contraction

Question 31

cardiac conduction system - Purkinje fibers | what, location, function

Answer 31

what - specialised conductive cells location - myocardium of ventricular walls function - ventricular contraction

Question 32

cardiac output

Answer 32

volume of blood ejected from each ventricle every minute

Question 33

stroke volume

Answer 33

volume of blood expelled by each contraction of the ventricles

Question 34

heart rate

Answer 34

number of times the heart beats per minute

Question 35

atrial systole

Answer 35

contraction of the atria

Question 36

ventricular systole

Answer 36

contraction of the ventricles

Question 37

diastole

Answer 37

relaxation of both atria and ventricles, blood flows into the heart during this time

Question 38

valves - tricuspid

Answer 38

located b/w RA and RV opens during: RA systole, RV diastole closes during: RV systole, RA diastole

Question 39

valves - pulmonary

Answer 39

located at end of pulmonary artery, b/w RV and pulmonary artery opens during: RV systole closes during: RV diastole

Question 40

valves - bicuspid/mitral

Answer 40

located b/w LA and LV opens during: LA systole, LV diastole closes during: LV systole, LA diastole

Question 41

valves - aortic

Answer 41

located b/w LV and aorta opens during: LV systole, LA diastole closes during: LA systole, LV diastole

Question 42

abnormal heart beats

Answer 42

arrhythmias fibrillation tachycardia = fast bradycardia = slow

Question 43

manual procedure -> taking blood pressure

Answer 43

1. take the reading from the non-dominant arm and do not measure from an injured arm 2. check orders -> possible standing measurement (postural hypotension) 3. sanitize yourself and check equipment 4. explain procedure 5. ensure correct cuff size -> client rest 5mins before measure 6. cuff = 2.5cm above elbow 7. stethoscope over brachial artery -> should hear pulse in earpiece and ensure gauge/pump can be seen 8. inflate cuff until no longer hear pulse 9. cuff deflate -> exact measurement (systolic) 10. pulse = weaker as deflates -> take measurement when stops (diastolic)

Question 44

vital signs - pulse

Answer 44

what - number of times heart beats per minute, budge of artery from waves of blood passing through each beat of heart why - indication of how heart is pumping/working how - locate pulse e.g. radial = wrist, note strength and rhythm of beat

Question 45

different strengths of pulse

Answer 45

bounding -> pumping large amount with each beat, caused by exercise, anxiety, alcohol weak -> small amount of blood, may find trouble in locating pulse strong -> stronger than normal, less than bounding, can be caused by shock and harmorrhage

Question 46

different rhythms of pulse

Answer 46

irregular -> rhythm does not have an even pattern e.g. time b/w beats change, strength varies intermittent -> strength does not vary greatly but a beat is skipped/missed at regular or irregular intervals (if beats missed were present, rhythm would be normal)

Question 47

blood pressure - systolic vs diastolic

Answer 47

systolic = left ventricle contracts and pumps blood into aorta diastolic = heart is at rest following ejection of blood, much lower pressure in arteries

Question 48

possible factors affecting blood pressure

Answer 48

``` blood volume hydration/dehydration exercise/posture age gender emotion/stress medications ```

Question 49

possible signs of hypertension

Answer 49

increased strain on heart -> could lead to failure possible rupture of BV -> haemorrhage/stroke hardening of arteries kidney failure retinopathy dementia

Question 50

possible signs of hypotension

Answer 50

dizziness fainting weakness falls

Question 51

maintaining BP -> chemoreceptors

Answer 51

detect chem signals -> O2/CO2/pH, found in aorta/carotid arteries pathway: decreased O2 and pH from increased CO2 -> detected by chemoreceptors -> cardioregulatory and vasomotor sensor -> increased HR, vasoconstriction -> increased blood pressure

Question 52

maintaining BP -> circulating hormones

Answer 52

adrenaline/noradrenaline - 'fight or flight in response to stress, causes increased HR and vasoconstriction to increase BP antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - prevents water loss, promotes reabsorption to increase blood volume and BP

Question 53

maintaining BP -> baroreceptor reflex

Answer 53

baroreceptor - found in aorta and carotid arteries, detect BP cardioregulatory center - part of brain responsible for regulation of HR, found in medulla oblongata (brainstem) vasomotor center - part of brain responsible for regulation of BP and respiration, found in medulla oblongata (brainstem), regulates vessel diameter (dilate, constrict)

Question 54

functions of blood

Answer 54

transport of nutrients e.g. O2 and waste e.g. CO2 maintaining body temperature via blood redistribution and sweat controlling pH via CO2 levels remove toxins from the body regulate fluid and electrolyte balance via ADH and plasma protection via WBCs fighting infection

Question 55

erythrocytes - structure to function | biconcave shape

Answer 55

biconcave shape = increased SA:V ration -> increased diffusion rate of oxygen in and out of cell biconcave shape = increased flexibility -> ability to squeeze and fit through small capillaries -> deliver oxygen very close to cells

Question 56

erythrocytes - structure to function | no nucleus

Answer 56

no nucleus = increased space for haemoglobin (98% of RBC volume) -> increased oxygen carrying capacity to cells

Question 57

platelets (thrombocytes) - structure and function

Answer 57

structure = small fragments of cells, no nucleus, made in red bone marrow, lifespan approx. 8-11 days function = key role in formation of blood clots, prevents excess blood loss and prevents pathogens entering body

Question 58

haemostasis -> blood clot formation

Answer 58

1. vasoconstriction -> reflex spasm in muscles = reduce blood loss and flow from injury site 2. platelet plug -> platelets become activated/sticky = join together = primary plug = stop bleeding 3. coagulation -> fibrinogen converted to fibrin = meshwork forms = traps platelets, strengthen clot

Question 59

leukocytes - structure and function

Answer 59

structure = largest of all blood cells, made in bone marrow function = defend body -> digest pathogens/dead body cells, provide immunity by producing antibodies

Question 60

plasma - structure and function

Answer 60

structure = liquid part, consist of water with dissolved chemicals function = absorb/give off heat -> body temp regulation