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Yr 12 VET Health 2022 > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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2
Q

coron/o

A

heart

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3
Q

systemic circulation

A

carries oxygenated blood from heart to tissues

O2 diffuse from blood (high) to tissues (low)
CO2 diffuse from tissues (high) to blood (low)

carries deoxygenated blood from tissues to heart

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4
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

O2 diffuse from lungs (high) to blood (low)
CO2 diffuse from blood (high) to lungs (low)

carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

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5
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

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6
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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7
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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8
Q

arteriol/o

A

arteriole

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9
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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10
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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11
Q

venul/o

A

venule

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12
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing (abnormal narrowing of a passage in the blood)

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13
Q

-sclerosis

A

hardening (abnormal hardening of body tissue)

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14
Q

arteries - structure and function

A

structure = thick muscular wall + small lumen (hole)

function = carry blood at high pressure (rapid flow) + carry blood away from heart
blood usually oxygenated apart from pulmonary artery
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15
Q

arterioles - structure and function

A

structure = branch off the arteries (smaller lumen) -> further from heart

function = direct oxygenated blood from major artery to capillary bed

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16
Q

capillaries - structure and function

A

structure = single layer of smooth muscle cells

function = diffusion of nutrients/waste between blood and tissue

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17
Q

venules - structure and function

A

structure = capillaries converge into venules which converge into vein

function = direct deoxygenated blood from a capillary to vein

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18
Q

veins - structure and function

A

structure = thin floppy wall + large lumen (hole) + one way valves

function = carry blood at low pressure (slow/even flow) + carry blood to heart
blood usually deoxygenated apart from pulmonary vein
one way valves ensure blood only travel 1 direction back to heart to prevent backflow/pooling

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19
Q

layers of the heart wall - location and description

A

pericardium (outermost layer) - fibrous sac, encapsulates heart

myocardium (middle layer) - made of cardiac tissue, involuntary, transmits electrical stimuli

endocardium (innermost layer) - lines chambers + valves of heart

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20
Q

heart chambers - atria and ventricles

A

RA - receives deoxy blood from body, empties into RV

RV - pumps deoxy blood through pulmonary artery to lungs

LA - receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins, empties into LV

LV - pumps oxygenated blood through aorta to body

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21
Q

major vessels of the heart

A

aorta (biggest artery) - carry oxy blood to body from LV

sup. vena cava (biggest vein) - empty deoxy blood into RA from structures above diaphragm
infer. vena cava (biggest vein) - empty deoxy blood into RA from structures below diaphragm

pulmonary artery - carry deoxy blood from heart to lungs

pulmonary vein - carry oxy blood from lungs to heart

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22
Q

heart structure - septum structure/function

A

muscular wall between L & R side -> seperation

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23
Q

heart structure - valves structure/function

A

tricuspid = 3= R) = prevent regurgitation of blood back into RA

bicuspid = 2= L) = prevent regurgitation of blood back into LA

semilunar valves = aortic + pulmonary = prevent reflux of blood back into ventricles

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24
Q

heart structure - chordae tendinae structure/function

A

structure = strong fibrous chords connecting leaflets of bi and tricuspid valves to papillary muscle

function = regulate opening and closing of the valves

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25
Q

blood supply for the heart

A

left and right coronary blood vessels branch from the aorta and supply the heart

26
Q

MI / myocardial infarction

A

-reduced blood flow in coronary artery
-can be due to: atherosclerosis
occlusion (embolus/thrombus)

-irreversible damage to myocardial tissue caused by ischemia and hypoxia

27
Q

nerve supply to the heart

A

sympathetic nervous system = increases firing rate of SA node and thus increases heart rate

parasympathetic nervous system = decreases firing rate of SA node and thus decreases heart rate

28
Q

cardiac conduction system - SA (sinoatrial) node

what, location, function

A

what - collection of specialised cells (pacemaker cells)

location - upper wall of RA, junction where SVC enters

function - spontaneously generate electrical impulses to trigger atrial contraction

29
Q

cardiac conduction system - AV (atrioventricular) node

what, location, function

A

what - small mass of neuromuscular tissue

location - wall of atrial septum, near AV valves (tricuspid)

function - transmit electrical signals from A to V, delays impulses to ensure A = fully empty b/4 ventricular contraction, back up pacemaker if SA node damaged

30
Q

cardiac conduction system - Bundle of his

what, location, function

A

what - specialised mass of fibers, originate from AV node

location - upper end of ventricular septum (branches into L and R bundle branches)

function - transmit electrical signal from AV node to Purkinje fibers for ventricular contraction

31
Q

cardiac conduction system - Purkinje fibers

what, location, function

A

what - specialised conductive cells

location - myocardium of ventricular walls

function - ventricular contraction

32
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood ejected from each ventricle every minute

33
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood expelled by each contraction of the ventricles

34
Q

heart rate

A

number of times the heart beats per minute

35
Q

atrial systole

A

contraction of the atria

36
Q

ventricular systole

A

contraction of the ventricles

37
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of both atria and ventricles, blood flows into the heart during this time

38
Q

valves - tricuspid

A

located b/w RA and RV

opens during: RA systole, RV diastole

closes during: RV systole, RA diastole

39
Q

valves - pulmonary

A

located at end of pulmonary artery, b/w RV and pulmonary artery

opens during: RV systole

closes during: RV diastole

40
Q

valves - bicuspid/mitral

A

located b/w LA and LV

opens during: LA systole, LV diastole

closes during: LV systole, LA diastole

41
Q

valves - aortic

A

located b/w LV and aorta

opens during: LV systole, LA diastole

closes during: LA systole, LV diastole

42
Q

abnormal heart beats

A

arrhythmias

fibrillation

tachycardia = fast

bradycardia = slow

43
Q

manual procedure -> taking blood pressure

A
  1. take the reading from the non-dominant arm and do not measure from an injured arm
  2. check orders -> possible standing measurement (postural hypotension)
  3. sanitize yourself and check equipment
  4. explain procedure
  5. ensure correct cuff size -> client rest 5mins before measure
  6. cuff = 2.5cm above elbow
  7. stethoscope over brachial artery -> should hear pulse in earpiece and ensure gauge/pump can be seen
  8. inflate cuff until no longer hear pulse
  9. cuff deflate -> exact measurement (systolic)
  10. pulse = weaker as deflates -> take measurement when stops (diastolic)
44
Q

vital signs - pulse

A

what - number of times heart beats per minute, budge of artery from waves of blood passing through each beat of heart

why - indication of how heart is pumping/working

how - locate pulse e.g. radial = wrist, note strength and rhythm of beat

45
Q

different strengths of pulse

A

bounding -> pumping large amount with each beat, caused by exercise, anxiety, alcohol

weak -> small amount of blood, may find trouble in locating pulse

strong -> stronger than normal, less than bounding, can be caused by shock and harmorrhage

46
Q

different rhythms of pulse

A

irregular -> rhythm does not have an even pattern e.g. time b/w beats change, strength varies

intermittent -> strength does not vary greatly but a beat is skipped/missed at regular or irregular intervals (if beats missed were present, rhythm would be normal)

47
Q

blood pressure - systolic vs diastolic

A

systolic = left ventricle contracts and pumps blood into aorta

diastolic = heart is at rest following ejection of blood, much lower pressure in arteries

48
Q

possible factors affecting blood pressure

A 
blood volume
hydration/dehydration
exercise/posture
age
gender
emotion/stress
medications
49
Q

possible signs of hypertension

A

increased strain on heart -> could lead to failure
possible rupture of BV -> haemorrhage/stroke
hardening of arteries
kidney failure
retinopathy
dementia

50
Q

possible signs of hypotension

A

dizziness
fainting
weakness
falls

51
Q

maintaining BP -> chemoreceptors

A

detect chem signals -> O2/CO2/pH, found in aorta/carotid arteries
pathway:

decreased O2 and pH from increased CO2 ->
detected by chemoreceptors ->
cardioregulatory and vasomotor sensor ->
increased HR, vasoconstriction -> increased blood pressure

52
Q

maintaining BP -> circulating hormones

A

adrenaline/noradrenaline - ‘fight or flight in response to stress, causes increased HR and vasoconstriction to increase BP

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - prevents water loss, promotes reabsorption to increase blood volume and BP

53
Q

maintaining BP -> baroreceptor reflex

A

baroreceptor - found in aorta and carotid arteries, detect BP

cardioregulatory center - part of brain responsible for regulation of HR, found in medulla oblongata (brainstem)

vasomotor center - part of brain responsible for regulation of BP and respiration, found in medulla oblongata (brainstem), regulates vessel diameter (dilate, constrict)

54
Q

functions of blood

A

transport of nutrients e.g. O2 and waste e.g. CO2
maintaining body temperature via blood redistribution and sweat
controlling pH via CO2 levels
remove toxins from the body
regulate fluid and electrolyte balance via ADH and plasma
protection via WBCs fighting infection

55
Q

erythrocytes - structure to function

biconcave shape

A

biconcave shape = increased SA:V ration -> increased diffusion rate of oxygen in and out of cell

biconcave shape = increased flexibility -> ability to squeeze and fit through small capillaries -> deliver oxygen very close to cells

56
Q

erythrocytes - structure to function

no nucleus

A

no nucleus = increased space for haemoglobin (98% of RBC volume) -> increased oxygen carrying capacity to cells

57
Q

platelets (thrombocytes) - structure and function

A

structure = small fragments of cells, no nucleus, made in red bone marrow, lifespan approx. 8-11 days

function = key role in formation of blood clots, prevents excess blood loss and prevents pathogens entering body

58
Q

haemostasis -> blood clot formation

A
  1. vasoconstriction -> reflex spasm in muscles = reduce blood loss and flow from injury site
  2. platelet plug -> platelets become activated/sticky = join together = primary plug = stop bleeding
  3. coagulation -> fibrinogen converted to fibrin = meshwork forms = traps platelets, strengthen clot
59
Q

leukocytes - structure and function

A

structure = largest of all blood cells, made in bone marrow

function = defend body -> digest pathogens/dead body cells, provide immunity by producing antibodies

60
Q

plasma - structure and function

A

structure = liquid part, consist of water with dissolved chemicals

function = absorb/give off heat -> body temp regulation

Yr 12 VET Health 2022 (19 decks)

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