The Regency Revivals Flashcards
What design style did France have in the 18th century
Neo-Classism
Louis XVI Reign DATES
1774-1792
Neo-Classism definition
A more rectilinear design and geometric quality after Rococo
Why did Roman and Greek forms came into fashion during neo-classism
Excavations at Pompeii (1748)
Window draperies became common
golden yellow and crimson with fringes
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF
1789
what was the reason for the French Revolution
(End of Absolute monarchy and of period styles based on royal patronage)
The revolution emphasized the values of liberty, and equality rejecting all symbols of the past that put mysticism over reason.
What happened during French Revolution
During this period, country’s most ancient religious monuments and artworks were destroyed and/or ransacked. Once-precious relics were paraded through the streets.
In Paris alone over 16,000 died -many were executed.
DIRECTOIRE DATE
1795-1799
DIRECTOIRE definition
The post-revolutionary style named for the form of government that in 1794 followed the Reign of Terror
DIRECTOIRE features
Sparse detailing in interiors and furniture modeled after Roman design elements
Georges Jacob DATE + WHAT
(1730-1814) Cabinetmaker
EMPIRE DATE
1799-1815
Charles Percier & Pierre-François Léonard Fontaine
They are considered as the first professional interior designers
Charles Percier
1764-1838
Pierre-François Léonard Fontaine
1762-1853
The Panthéon (Ste. –Geneviève) DATE + LOCATION
Paris 1758-1790
The Panthéon construction
Construction started by the order of Louis XV
Jacques-Germain Soufflot (Architect)
The Panthéon building style and what precedents
Neo-classical Building
Roman and Greek precedents
What was The Panthéon’s original purpose
Initially housed relics and was used as a church.
Dechristianized and converted into the purest expression of the radical Enlightenment in stone
Why was The Panthéon changed
Architecture is highly political and post revolution they needed it changed to match the new ideas of the time
new use of the Panthéon
Dedicated to the great men of France –a secular temple, a shrine to human reason and human progress
The Panthéon symbol
symbolized an entire approach to modernity.
Sara Baartman
(1770s-1815)
(Hottentot Venus)
George Cuvier (French zoologist) dissected her body and displayed her remains. First he made a cast of her body, then he preserved her brain and genitals.
Even as he determined that the latter’s size was the result of cultural practice, Cuvier concluded that “the Hottentots” were closer to great apes than humans. The rest of Baartman’s flesh was boiled down to bones for Cuvier’s collection and displayed for years afterward. Her body remained in the exhibition until 1975.
Sara Baartman remains location
Her remains were returned to South Africa in 2002.
Sara Baartman locations
Born in South Africa
Lived in Europe 1810-1815
Three legged table =
Roman
Busts =
roman
Swan =
Empire
Gilded and crimson/saturated colors =
Empire
Josephine’s Bedroom designers
Charles Percier & Pierre-François Léonard Fontaine
Who is Josephine?
Napoleon’s wife
Josephine’s Bedroom features
Lots of textiles
Tent-like in design
Shape of room is a unique form and shape
Bed is lifted on a base
Why is Josephine’s Bedroom tent shaped
Reminiscent of Egyptian expeditions that Napoleon would take
Also looks like Ottoman empire
Famous for tents
Very large and luxurious
Josephine’s Bedroom hierarchy
Bed is lifted on a base
Hierarchical and shows importance of person sleeping there
Josephine’s Bedroom dishonesty
Dishonest space because the building the room is in is not a tent
Changes later with architecture being more honest
Library, Malmaison designers
Charles Percier & Pierre-François Léonard Fontaine
Josephine de Beauharnais (1763-1814) in Malmaison painter
Baron François Gérard, ca. 1801
what does the painting Josephine de Beauharnais in Malmaison show us
Dresses are no longer structured as much
Fabrics are looser and more comfortable
Fabrics are also thinner in material
She is sitting more relaxed
Jean-Étienne Liotard painting
Turkish Woman with a Tambourine (1738-43)
M. Belloni painting
The Harem favorite
Paul Alexandre Alfred Leroy painting
In the Harem
François Gérard, called Baron Gérard painting (French, 1770–1837),1808 shows us
Fabric draped over walls
Greek styled chair Quismose
19TH CENTURY big ideas
- Industrialization
- Improved nature of transportation and communication
- Growth of world population
- Scientific development
REGENCY
associated with England
1810s-1830 (The transitional period between Georgian and 19th century developments)
Neoclassicism of the late 18th century; draws its form from Greek and Roman precedents with a mixture of elements drawn from more “exotic” sources such as Egypt, Chinese, Moorish.
Playful, and decorative style
Eclectic languages: Chinese wallpaper, bamboo furniture, Moorish style domes, etc.
19th century victorianism was very important to england and us
Royal Pavilion DATE + LOCATION
Brighton, England, 1815-21
Royal Pavilion style
Regency style
No connection from interiors and exteriors
Royal Pavilion architect
John Nash
Royal Pavilion exterior
Looks as if it is from India or even Russia on the outside
Royal Pavilion interior
Inside has Chinese references of landscape murals and the color red
Very ornate interiors
Consols Office, Bank of England DATE + LOCATION
London, 1798-9
Consols Office, Bank of England architect
John Soane
New building type
financial institutions / banks
Can’t have industry and business without $
Consols Office, Bank of England columns
Columns look like decorative forms, but are actually structural
FURNITURE
- Strongly influenced by French Directoire and Empire styles
- Inspiration from Greek, Roman, Egyptian, Indian, medieval Gothic.
- Mahogany and rosewood were favorite species; used usually as veneers
- Decorative inlays and ornamental details in brass
Black and gilded finishes
Thomas Hope
(1770-1831)
Romanticism info
By 1832, Romanticism was established as a system of philosophy or political economy. Victor Hugo was one of the most important if not the most important Romantic writer. 17th century: Romantique (French) and romantick (English)
Romanticism info quote
“Romanticism was a European cultural movement, or set of kindred movements, which found in a symbolic and internalized romance plot a vehicle for exploring one’s self and its relationship to others and to nature, which privileged the imagination as a faculty higher and more inclusive than reason, which sought solace in or reconciliation with the natural world, which ‘detranscendentalized’ religion by taking God or the divine as inherent in nature or in the soul and replaced theological doctrine with metaphor and feeling, which honored poetry and all the arts as the highest human creations, which rebelled against the established canons of neoclassical aesthetics and against both aristocratic and bourgeois social and political norms in favor of values more individual, inward, and emotional.”
Cause:
A desire to experience life in the past
Anxiety caused by modern technology displacing old ways
A desire to distant one’s self from logic and restraints of classicism
Interest in emotionally more expressive directions
Effect
Increasing interest in recreating or reviving the styles of the past
Greek Revival
Gothic Revival
GREEK REVIVAL elements
Neoclassicism , Regency, Directoire, Empire
Took its inspiration from Rome as much as Greece and even more exotic sources
Stylized use of the Orders (engaged columns, columns being utilized as non-structural members,etc.)
GREEK REVIVAL main idea
Based on the belief that Greek art and architecture represented a peak in human history
GREEK REVIVAL Integrity of architectural members:
Columns are structural members
Preference for early Greek orders such as Doric and Ionic
Greek revival had a major set back:
The Greek temple did not have an interesting interior space not was not meant to be occupied.
Greek revival was influential in
Germany, England, and the United States
GREEK REVIVAL features
Pedimented and columned portico on the façade
Greek orders: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian
Columns as structural members
Simple spaces with minimal decoration (when compared to Rococo or Empire interiors)
Greek Revival was applied to government and public buildings, churches, and residences.
a factor in bringing the Greek Revival to an early end in England.
Difficulty of devising Greek interiors appropriate to Greek exterior architecture may have been
Train Stations
Became more popular for travel and more accessible to more people
Grand staircase design
Ceremonial
Different from past designs of stairs that were just for utilitarian purposes
Greek Revival in the United States
Supported by an element of ideology: a modern country to declare itself a democracy
Federal style already inclined toward the use of Greek detail
The Second Bank of the United States DATE + LOCATION
Philadelphia, 1818-24
The Second Bank of the United States designer
William Strickland (1788-1854)
The Second Bank of the United States style
First American building in Greek Revival style
The First Bank of the United States DATE
1797
U.S. Customs House DATE + LOCATION
New York, 1833-42
U.S. Customs House Designers
Ithiel Town (1784-1844) & Alexander Jackson Davis (1803-92)
The Old Patent Office (The National Portrait Gallery) designer
Robert Mills (1781-1855)
The Treasury Building, designer
Robert Mills (1781-1855)
The Treasury Building, DATE
1836-42
Gothic Revival ideas
Shows power change
Chaos to design new buildings
Religious architecture
More used in interiors
Gothic Revival Shows power change
Loss of powerful palaces that dictated styles
Gothic Revival Chaos to design new buildings
New machines and materials made construction easier
Gothic Revival buildings
Religious architecture
Others uses too
Gothic Revival More used in interiors
Exterior shapes were redesigned into furniture pieces and other interior elements
Trinity Church DATE
1846
Trinity Church designer
Richard Upjohn (1802-78)
St. Patrick’s Cathedral Date
1878
Lyndhurst, Tarrytown, Date + location
Tarrytown, New York,
1838-65
St. Patrick’s Cathedral designer
James Renwick, Jr. (1818-95)
Lyndhurst, Tarrytown designer
Town and Davis
New Palace of West Minster (Houses of Parliament), House of Lords, date + location
London, 1836-52
New Palace of West Minster (Houses of Parliament), House of Lords, designers
Charles Barry & W. N. Pugin
All Saints, Margaret Street, DATE + LOCATION
London, 1849-59
All Saints, Margaret Street, designer
William Butterfield (1814-1900)
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Steam engine: the first great prime mover to be used as a source of power for pumping water and running the machinery of textile mills
An alternative to hand, horse, wind and water
Britain, France, Germany, and the United States rose in wealth and status as they became industrialized nations.
Cause:
Steam engines and production of steel lead to…
Effect:
Construction of railroads and transportation of raw materials (coal, lumber, etc.)
Engine-powered factories
Less labor
Inexpensive goods in large quantities
Jobs at factories (Owners: self-made industrialists and workers: mill-hands)
Jobs at factories
Not good conditions: no labor laws, horrific working conditions, etc.
The initial influences of industrialization on interior design was…
technical rather than aesthetic.
changes to an industrialized interior
Early appliances: stoves, etc. became available
Design of bathrooms and kitchens changed dramatically (running water, flush toilets, drain traps)
Artificial lighting: Confined to candles until the end of 18th century artificial lighting was improved. (Oil lamps, illuminating gas, piped gas, etc.)
Glass: Large quantities, and in large sheets
King’s Cross Station date + location
London, 1850-2
King’s Cross Station designer
Lewis Cubitt (1799-1883)
King’s Cross Station features
Iron frames + Glass
Strictly utilitarian
No historical details
Preparing for modernism
Crystal Palace, date + location
London, 1851
Crystal Palace, designer
Joseph Paxton (1803-65)
Crystal Palace features
Hi-tech building with past designed objects
Parlor becomes very important in victorian era
Rococo, baroque, and other styles shown
In past it would take years to make pieces shown in Crystal Palace
Now it is mechanicalized and many can be made in a day/week
Pieces are now cut, glued, and pressed vs. carved
Magasin au Bon Marche date + location
Paris, 1876
Magasin au Bon Marche designers
Louis-Charles Boileau & Gustave Eiffel
Magasin au Bon Marche was…
Grandfather of the shopping mall
With factories creating more items at a faster and cheaper rate middle class and lower class can now purchase things they couldn’t in the past
Need a place to sell them
Bibliothèque Nationale de France date + location
Paris, 1859-67
Bibliothèque Nationale de France designer
Pierre-François-Henri Labrouste
Bibliothèque Nationale de France structure
Older columns used to be huge and thick to support high ceilings
With new technology of iron and steel the columns can be thin and delicate. Opening up interiors more
Row House date + location
New York, 1832
Das Altes Museum (Old Museum), Date
1824-30
Das Altes Museum (Old Museum) designer
Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841)
The British Museum, date + location
London, 1823
The British Museum designer
Sir Robert Smirke (1780-1867)
