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History of Interiors Final > Non-Western Traditions > Flashcards

Non-Western Traditions Flashcards

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1
Q

India was not ruled centrally how did this effect architecture

A

Diversity in its architectural heritage

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2
Q

India and Pakistan’s thought on details

A

Details play a significant role in architecture and interiors

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3
Q

India and Pakistan’s city layout

A

3000 BC large cities on grid plans

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4
Q

India and Pakistan wall construction

A

Walls were constructed of baked brick

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5
Q

India and Pakistan materials for roof and floors

A

Roofs and floors were mostly wood (non-monumental)

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6
Q

India and Pakistan earlier buildings

A

Utilitarian and bare, no ornamentation can be seen in earlier non-monumental examples in Mohenjo-Daro

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7
Q

India and Pakistan temples

A

rock cut and carved

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8
Q

India and Pakistan masonry buildings

A

Masonry buildings were usually monumental (temples) and were elaborately carved

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9
Q

3rd-1st century BC temples

A

structures with high vaulted central space and side aisles

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10
Q

13th century temples

A

Islamic rule and its influence

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11
Q

Chaitya Hall date and location

A

Karle 1st CE Buddhist Temple

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12
Q

Chaitya Hall Structure

A

Buddhist rock-cut architecture

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13
Q

Chaitya Hall Size

A

Comparable in size to that of a Gothic church
The largest of all of the chaityas (Buddhist shrines)

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14
Q

Chaitya Hall plan

A

Prayer hall with a stupa at the end
Main hall + two aisles

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15
Q

Chaitya Hall features

A

Main hall + two aisles + ornate carved stone columns + plain wooden ribs + vaulted ceiling

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16
Q

At the time Buddhism was most followed by?

A

wealthy merchants

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17
Q

The rest of society followed?

A

Brahmin (Hinduism) practices were favored

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18
Q

Monks sought to build temples in remote locations to…

A

avoid conflicts with Brahmins (a member of the highest Hindu caste)

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19
Q

Import things to identify in Chaitya Hall

A

Wooden horseshoe arches
Carved rock columns
Stupa
Central nave and aisles

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20
Q

Chaitya Hall Proportions

A

Heroic proportions. India’s idealized concept of the human figure: Narrow shoulders, large breasts, small waist, and exaggerated hips for the female and solid stance, broad shoulders, and slender hips for the male.

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21
Q

Plan of the temple city, Madurai, India

A

12th-17th century

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22
Q

temple type in Madurai, India

A

Hindu Temple

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23
Q

increasing wealth within society

A

because of kingly patronage during the medieval period

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24
Q

The Nayaka ruler

A

Vishvanatha

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25
Q

Vishvanatha, had his civil architect redesign the city of Madurai in…

A

strict accordance with the principles laid down in the ancient text dealing with urban planning

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26
Q

What planning type is not visible in some other ceremonial cities

A

Unitary planning

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27
Q

Addition to cities made by

A

princes, nobles, and merchants

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28
Q

the temple and city faced what direction and why

A

faced east –for the direction of the rising sun holds the greatest cosmological significance for the Hindus

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29
Q

Gopura, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai features

A

A gapura is a massive tower, an entry gate
Thousand Pillar Hall

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30
Q

Jainism: Anantekavda

A

Many Truths (Concept of relativity, there is no one truth)

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31
Q

Jain Temples floor plan based on

A

Temple floor plans based on Hindu temples

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32
Q

Jain Temple locations

A

built on mountain tops

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33
Q

how to tell if a temple is a Jain temple

A

Different deities depicted inside is the biggest clue

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34
Q

Jain Temple precedents

A

Initially copied Buddhist and Hindu temples

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35
Q

Jain Temple materials

A

carved marble

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36
Q

Jain temple features

A

Profusion of ornamentation
A square floor plan with openings in four cardinal directions

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37
Q

Jains created temple…

A

cities as opposed to solitary Hindu temples

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38
Q

Jain Temple roof forms

A

Roof forms with concentric rings of carving

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39
Q

Jain temple structure

A

Use of false arch/bracket springs, false-support for domical roofs

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40
Q

Jain temple exterior

A

Multiple domes create a distinct skyline

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41
Q

HINDU TEMPLES

A

Hinduism: Polymorphous
Tend to be linear in floor plan

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42
Q

Jain Dilwara “Tejapala” Temple DATE + LOCATION

A

Rajasthan, India, 10th century

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43
Q

“Dancing Pavilion” , (Jain Dilwara “Tejapala” Temple)

A

Overwhelming amount of detail in carvings

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44
Q

Korea’s Wooden structural system of building was introduced from…

A

China in 1st century BC

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45
Q

Well-preserved palaces survived in…

A

Seoul from 15th -17th centuries

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46
Q

Korean structures

A

Columned and tile roofed structures

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47
Q

Korean seating

A

No use of chairs, elevated tables or beds

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48
Q

Korean furniture

A

Use of low shelves, writing tables, and storage units

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49
Q

Korean Gendered furniture

A

Furniture for use of men tend to be austere, functional but not ornamented, with natural wood finishes whereas women’s furniture is more colorful, lacquer finishes, more colorful wood species, ornamental knobs, handles, etc.

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50
Q

Japanese invasion of Korea DATE

A

16th century

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51
Q

Korean nature

A

Nature deemed important and was expressed in traditional motifs

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52
Q

Korean natural beings depiction

A

Natural beings depicted as pairs: harmony (cosmic principle of ying and yang)

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53
Q

Changdeok Palace DATE + LOCATION

A

Seoul, Korea, 15th century

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54
Q

Changdeok Palace name meaning

A

“Palace of Illustrious Virtue”

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55
Q

All the royal palaces in the capital were burnt down during…

A

the Japanese Invasions (1592-1598).

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56
Q

Changdeok Palace rebuild

A

The palace was rebuilt in 1608

57
Q

Changdeok Palace Plan

A

The site plan markedly different from the traditional Chinese-oriented style of palatial construction

58
Q

How is Changdeok Palace plan different

A

It does not display the typical symmetrical arrangement of major halls and gates along the north-south axis on flat ground

59
Q

Changdeok Palace location and why

A

Mountain palace following native Korean values emphasizing harmony with nature: flexible ground plan
The palace blends in with the topography

60
Q

Changdeok Palace spatial layout

A

No man-made axis regulating its spatial layout

61
Q

Changdeok Palace Garden design:

A

minimized man-made elements

62
Q

Changdeok Palace exemplifies

A

The palace exemplifies the moral value of the Confucian-oriented Joseon Dynasty which cherished modesty and frugality, doing away with extravagance

63
Q

How did the Changdeok Palace change over time

A

By the end of the Joseon Dynasty, imported goods from China, Japan, and the West adorned palace interiors

64
Q

How was furniture determined for Changdeok Palace

A

The allotted space for furniture, type and size of the furniture depended on the status of the resident

65
Q

Changdeok Palace king and queen living quarters

A

The living quarters of the king and queen were left sparse with little furniture: dignified and orderly space

66
Q

Changdeok Palace furniture location

A

The visible furniture pieces were placed in subsidiary room and used there

67
Q

Changdeok Palace furniture finish

A

Many of the palace furniture pieces were varnished with red lacquer, some with black or yellow lacquer

68
Q

Injeong Hall in Changdeok Palace use

A

The throne room used for formal state ceremonies

69
Q

Injeong Hall interior influence

A

Chinese-influenced interior

70
Q

Changdok Palace interior details

A

Landscape painting
Low seats

71
Q

Kings Folding Chair

A

used by the royal family for special events
colored with red lacquer
portable folding chair
handles and back has embellished decorations

72
Q

Huijeongdang Hall, Chandeok Palace location

A

Innermost quarter of the palace

73
Q

Huijeongdang Hall use

A

Women’s residence, later a place of work and rest for the king

74
Q

why did Huijeongdang Hall need rebuilt

A

Rebuilt in 1920 after a fire
Modernized interiors: Electricity, chandelier, glass windows

75
Q

Huijeongdang Hall interior

A

EUROPEAN STYLE FURNITURE REMINISCENT OF BAROQUE/ROCOCO
Still has TRADITIONAL FURNITURE

76
Q

Seonjeong Hall, Changdeok Palace use

A

Working office of the king and his officials

77
Q

Seonjeong Hall folding screen

A

The folding screen behind the throne is a Joseon royal screen. It depicts the sun (king) and moon (queen)

78
Q

Traditional Korean Houses features

A

Regional variations
Wooden floor (maru) used to store grains
Elevated floor
No flat roofs. Curved roof lines

79
Q

Traditional Korean Houses why elevated floor

A

protection from humidity
stored grain

79
Q

JAPAN Five major periods

A

Ancient
Classical
Medieval
Early Modern
Modern

80
Q

Traditional Korean Houses why no flat roofs

A

because of climate/snow

81
Q

Ancient

A

(Before establishment of the empire court and Buddhism)

82
Q

Classical

A

(Imperial family)

83
Q

Medieval

A

(Political power shifted from the imperial family to Shogun military)

84
Q

Early Modern

A

(Feudal system, No interaction with the West)

85
Q

Modern

A

(Emperor regains power)

86
Q

why did foreign influences did not reach Japan easily

A

Island country

87
Q

what influences did Japan have

A

Korean and Chinese

88
Q

Japan climate

A

subtropical - mild yet distinct seasons

89
Q

Japan’s relationship with nature

A

Close relationship between season, nature and spaces

90
Q

Japan use of interior and exterior

A

Outside in (opening up the spaces with the use of sliding components, hinged screen walls, use of rice paper-let’s light in)

91
Q

Japan interior decoration

A

Paintings: Important components of interior design, especially on doors (screens)

92
Q

Japan thoughts about high art and craft

A

No division between high art and craft

93
Q

Shinto

A

Japan’s oldest and native religion (the way of the Gods)

94
Q

Shinto concept

A

Pureness is the single most important concept

95
Q

Japanese cypress with straight grain is used in construction of temples (natural, unstained)

A

Use of joinery
Use of traditional construction techniques and tools

96
Q

Emperor ordered shrines to be kept new DATE

A

7th century

97
Q

Permanence and newness idea

A

The idea of Permanence and newness are not considered contradictory but rather correlated

98
Q

Replaced wood is considered…

A

sacred and sent to other shrines.

99
Q

Ordinary people were…

A

not allowed in Shinto shrines but only high priests and member of the imperial family

100
Q

Horyuji Temple type

A

Pagoda

101
Q

Himeji Castle DATE + LOCATION

A

Himeji City, Japan, 17th century

102
Q

Modularity use in interiors

A

Tatami floor mat -3’x6’

103
Q

Tatami floor mat -3’x6’

A

Made of straw
Determines size of space

104
Q

Himeji Castle paintings

A

Semi-naturalistic paintings-landscape

105
Q

Informal tea house, detached villa DATE + LOCATION

A

Katsura, Japan, 17th century

106
Q

Informal tea house features

A

Relies on geometry
Looks more modern
Apart from landscape paintings all lines seen in architecture are connected, functional, structural, etc

107
Q

What is interesting about how all lines seen in the informal tea house are connected, functional, structural, etc

A

Hard to tell what’s structural vs decoration

108
Q

Chinese architecture

A

Wooden columns and beams; painted in rich colors
Richly carved bracketed connections
Sloped roofs with tiles
Often one storey
Fully exposed structural elements inside
symmetry of plan layout

109
Q

Chinese houses

A

Outside walls were of masonry but not structural, courtyard house with porches and verandas
Symmetry of plan layout

110
Q

Mat culture

A

use of mats instead of chairs or sofas

111
Q

high level officials start using furniture pieces DATE

A

7th century

112
Q

During Ming and Qing dynasties furniture was…

A

elevated from being merely a functional object to an art form

113
Q

Chinese furniture

A

Attention to wood grain patterns, innovation in joinery
negotiates the balance between human body and space
Raised seating conveyed a an impression of authority
Use of softwoods and lacquer or hardwoods + fine grain = no lacquer
Structure exposed - can see exactly how it is constructed

114
Q

Chinese Furniture types

A

Folding Horseshoe chair
Three-Seater Folding Settee

115
Q

First pictorial evidence of Chinese furniture

A

11th-12th century painting (Night Revels of Han Xizai by Gu Hong Zhong)

116
Q

Chinese use of Feng Shui

A

meticulously arranged furniture and living spaces meant a more rigid and disciplined manner of organization

117
Q

Chinese Gendered space

A

Distinct separation between family and other members of the society

118
Q

Chinese Hierarchical gradation

A

in ancient China people were divided into various social classes and this was reflected in architecture and interior design

119
Q

Chinese Courtyard house

A

Spatial sequence is significant. Alternating interior and exterior spaces

120
Q

Chinese space type

A

More introverted spaces compared to Korean and Japanese interiors once you are in interiors

121
Q

Chinese furniture size

A

No mobility of furniture: Larger pieces with hand-carved details

122
Q

Chinese color and murals

A

Use of red (good luck), murals depicting animals (dragons, fish, birds, etc.)

123
Q

Chinese use of dougong (brackets):

A

a functional and decorative element; was later adapted by Korea and Japan

124
Q

Korean Space is more suitable for use of furniture

A

Center of the room is left empty and furniture is arranged around the perimeter

125
Q

Korea Gendered space

A

anchae women’s and sarangchae men’s space

126
Q

Korea Spaces organized

A

based on hierarchical order (guests, servants, etc.)

127
Q

Korea space use

A

Multi-functional spaces (Furniture enables modification of function)

128
Q

Korean Furniture

A

Furniture is lifted up off the floor with short legs
Some mobility of furniture

129
Q

Ondol

A

(under floor heating)

130
Q

Korea shoes

A

Removal of shoes inside the home

131
Q

Japan furniture use

A

Not as suitable for use of furniture: Spaces are divided with shoji (sliding doors) therefore there is no strict definition of spaces

132
Q

Japan Gender

A

No separation between genders

133
Q

Japan spaces organized

A

Spaces organized based on hierarchical order (guests, servants, etc.)

134
Q

Japan space use

A

Use of spaces with more dedicated and specific functions

135
Q

Japan furniture legs

A

Some furniture pieces have legs and some do not

136
Q

Japan furniture use

A

Traditionally no use of furniture (tatami mats) Great mobility of furniture

137
Q

Japan interiors

A

Simple interiors with limited ornamentation: Use of modular screens, landscape murals

138
Q

Japan shoes

A

Removal of shoes inside the home

History of Interiors Final (12 decks)

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